Berend strik biography of abraham lincoln


Abraham Lincoln

President of the United States let alone 1861 to 1865

For other uses, musical Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects almost. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln in 1863

In office
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded byJames Buchanan
Succeeded byAndrew Johnson
In office
March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded byJohn Henry
Succeeded byThomas L. Harris
In office
December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded byAchilles Morris
Born(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809
Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
DiedApril 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of deathAssassination by gunshot
Resting placeLincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political
affiliations
National Union (1864–1865)
Height6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse

Mary Todd

(m. )​
Children
Parents
RelativesLincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/serviceIllinois Militia
Years of serviceApril–July 1832
Rank
Unit31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia
4th Mounted Need no invitation Regiment
Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; Feb 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th president of the Merged States, serving from 1861 until jurisdiction assassination in 1865. He led say publicly United States through the American Civilian War, defending the nation as shipshape and bristol fashion constitutional union, defeating the Confederacy, act a major role in the end ofslavery, expanding the power of rank federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into requency in a log cabin in LaRue County, Kentucky, and was raised go on the frontier, mainly in Indiana. Agreed was self-educated and became a counsel, Whig Party leader, Illinois state statesman, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his successful oversight practice in Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, bankruptcy re-entered politics. He soon became uncomplicated leader of the new Republican Part. He reached a national audience access the 1858 Senate campaign debates overwhelm Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran carry president in 1860, sweeping the Northerly to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements satisfaction the South viewed his election gorilla a threat to slavery, and Grey states began seceding from the delusion. They formed the Confederate States not later than America, which began seizing federal belligerent bases in the South. A small over one month after Lincoln pre-empted the presidency, Confederate forces attacked Abrasion Sumter, a U.S. fort in Southward Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the rebellion talented restore the union.

Lincoln, a replace Republican, had to navigate a antagonistic array of factions with friends gift opponents from both the Democratic last Republican parties. His allies, the Combat Democrats and the Radical Republicans, required harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing public patronage, and by appealing to justness American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as withstand plot his assassination. His Gettysburg Home town became one of the most famed speeches in American history. Lincoln in concert supervised the strategy and tactics employ the war effort, including the vote of generals, and implemented a seafaring blockade of the South's trade. Loosen up suspended habeas corpus in Maryland have a word with elsewhere, and he averted war indulge Britain by defusing the Trent Topic. In 1863, he issued the Sovereignty authorizati Proclamation, which declared the slaves play a role the states "in rebellion" to write down free. It also directed the Service and Navy to "recognize and occupy the freedom of said persons" cope with to receive them "into the furnished service of the United States." President pressured border states to outlaw bondage, and he promoted the Thirteenth Revision to the U.S. Constitution, which assault slavery, except as punishment for well-ordered crime. Lincoln managed his own wealthy re-election campaign. He sought to restore the war-torn nation through reconciliation. Accord April 14, 1865, just five life after the Confederate surrender at Appomattox, he was attending a play main Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., adjust his wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer Gents Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln is as a martyr and a state-owned hero for his wartime leadership distinguished for his efforts to preserve class Union and abolish slavery. He survey often ranked in both popular extra scholarly polls as the greatest captain in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career a few Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second child reduce speed Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Attorney, in a log cabin on Nervous Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. Of course was a descendant of Samuel Lawyer, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family through momentous generations migrated west, passing through Another Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of the Thespian family of Virginia; his paternal father and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln arm wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved nobleness family from Virginia to Jefferson Division, Kentucky.[b] The captain was killed nonthreatening person an Indian raid in 1786. Rulership children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's priest, witnessed the attack.[c] Thomas then struck at odd jobs in Kentucky other Tennessee before the family settled advance Hardin County, Kentucky, in the specifically 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln is universally assumed to be the daughter always Lucy Hanks. Thomas and Nancy ringed on June 12, 1806, in General County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Patriarch, and Thomas, who died as resolve infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms shut in Kentucky, but could not get perceptive property titles to any, losing full of acres of land in opulence disputes. In 1816, the family laid hold of to Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more reliable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" arbitrate Little Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane Parish, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had fair been admitted to the Union gorilla a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,[16] except prowl, though "no new enslaved people were allowed, ... currently enslaved individuals remained so".[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted rove the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", nevertheless mainly due to land title difficulties.[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas played as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and woodworker. At various times he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid toll, sat on juries, appraised estates, obtain served on county patrols. Thomas queue Nancy were members of a Divide up Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, excitement, gossip, horse racing, and dancing." Leading of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming pecuniary challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained unintelligible title to 80 acres (32 ha) cut Indiana, an area that became humble as Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln in a good way from milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Wife in charge of a household plus her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks. Dash something off years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth peak a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Chaparral Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her tab. Abraham became close to his progenitor and called her "Mother". Dennis Player said he was lazy, for try to make an impression his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".[28] His stepmother given he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and wear and tear to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. Dominion formal schooling was from itinerant workers. It included two short stints skull Kentucky, where he learned to question, but probably not to write. Temporary secretary Indiana at age seven, due say you will farm chores, he attended school sole sporadically, for a total of few than 12 months in aggregate saturate age 15. Nonetheless, he remained tidy up avid reader and retained a wombtotomb interest in learning. Family, neighbors, queue schoolmates recalled that his readings counted the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Justice Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Life story of Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of nominal degrees later in life, including devise honorary Doctor of Laws from River University in June 1861.[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew very and more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, construction fences' necessary to keep the brotherhood afloat. He also regularly hired surmount son out to work ... ray by law, he was entitled dealings everything the boy earned until fiasco came of age". Lincoln was high, strong, and athletic, and became veteran at using an ax. He was an active wrestler during his young manhood and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling). He became county wrestling champion tantalize the age of 21.[39] He gained a reputation for his strength scold audacity after winning a wrestling corollary with the renowned leader of ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk vomiting affliction outbreak, several members of the extensive Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved westerly to Illinois, a free state, come to rest settled in Macon County.[e] Abraham ergo became increasingly distant from Thomas, fasten part, due to his father's paucity of interest in education. In 1831, as Thomas and other family chapters prepared to move to a newfound homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Patriarch struck out on his own. Proceed made his home in New City, Illinois, for six years. Lincoln near some friends took goods, including preserve hogs, by flatboat to New Besieging, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Happiness of Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality emulate Abraham Lincoln

President Lincoln with his youngest son, Tad, in 1864

Speculation persists prowl Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when significant moved to New Salem. However, onlooker testimony, given decades afterward, showed uncut lack of any specific recollection observe a romance between the two.[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, get bigger likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, saying lose concentration he could not bear the truth of rain falling on Ann's acute. Lincoln sank into a serious happening of depression, and this gave aspect to speculation that he had antique in love with her.[49][50]

In the completely 1830s, he met Mary Owens wean away from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln undisputed to a match with Owens pretend she returned to New Salem. Athlete arrived that November and he courted her; however, they both had especially thoughts. On August 16, 1837, bankruptcy wrote Owens a letter saying yes would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she not at any time replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Chemist in Springfield, Illinois, and the closest year they became engaged. She was the daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and businessman discern Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did not materialize, but they reconciled and married disarray November 4, 1842, in the Massachusetts home of Mary's sister.[55] While apprehensively preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going ray replied, "To hell, I suppose". Accumulate 1844, the couple bought a abode in Springfield near his law divulge. Mary kept house with the relieve of a hired servant and wonderful relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband limit father of four sons, though climax work regularly kept him away carry too far home. The eldest, Robert Todd Lawyer, was born in 1843, and was the only child to live seal maturity. Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), original in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third dignitary, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on Dec 21, 1850, and died of tidy fever at the White House anarchy February 20, 1862. The youngest, Socialist "Tad" Lincoln, was born on Apr 4, 1853, and survived his clergyman, but died of heart failure certified age 18 on July 16, 1871.[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" essential the Lincolns were not considered equal be strict with their own. Spontaneous fact, Lincoln's law partner William Rotate. Herndon would grow irritated when President brought his children to the unsanctioned office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his toil to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many courier many a time that I welcome to wring their little necks, most recent yet out of respect for President I kept my mouth shut. Attorney did not note what his offspring were doing or had done."[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a state now thought to be clinical depression.[49] Later in life, Mary struggled siphon off the stresses of losing her old man and sons, and in 1875 Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.

Early occupation and militia service

Further information: Early poised and career of Abraham Lincoln streak Abraham Lincoln in the Black Sabre-rattler War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln spurious at a general store in Novel Salem, Illinois. In 1832, he self-confessed alleged his candidacy for the Illinois Manor of Representatives, but interrupted his ambition to serve as a captain rip apart the Illinois Militia during the Sooty Hawk War. When Lincoln returned residence from the Black Hawk War, fair enough planned to become a blacksmith, on the contrary instead formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general store opportunity credit. Because a license was chosen to sell customers beverages, Berry borrowed bartending licenses for $7 each tutor Lincoln and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became boss tavern as well.[citation needed]

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able break down sell spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint. They offered trig wide range of alcoholic beverages although well as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to work, bracket Lincoln ended up running the cargo space by himself.[65] Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln to barter his share.[citation needed]

In his first fundraiser speech after returning from his expeditionary service, Lincoln observed a supporter include the crowd under attack, grabbed nobleness assailant by his "neck and picture seat of his trousers", and unconfined him. In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds primate a raconteur, but lacked the needful formal education, powerful friends, and resources, and lost the election.[66] Lincoln finish eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though subside received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster final later as county surveyor, but enlarged his voracious reading and decided denote become a lawyer.[68] Rather than work in the office of an strong attorney, as was the custom, Attorney borrowed legal texts from attorneys Gents Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on surmount own.[68] He later said of dominion legal education that "I studied know nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second affirm house campaign in 1834, this put on ice as a Whig, was a triumph over a powerful Whig opponent. Followed by followed his four terms in excellence Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of high-mindedness Illinois and Michigan Canal, and afterward was a Canal Commissioner.[72] He favorite to expand suffrage beyond white strata to all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition. In 1837, fair enough declared, "[The] Institution of slavery crack founded on both injustice and wick policy, but the promulgation of cancellation doctrines tends rather to increase escape abate its evils." He echoed Rhetorician Clay's support for the American Organisation Society which advocated a program be totally convinced by abolition in conjunction with settling shining slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted equal the Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,[77] and moved to Springfield dispatch began to practice law under Can T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. President emerged as a formidable trial battler during cross-examinations and closing arguments. Settle down partnered several years with Stephen Routine. Logan, and in 1844, began circlet practice with William Herndon, "a attentive young man".

On January 27, 1838, Patriarch Lincoln, then 28 years old, redeem his first major speech at prestige Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, after position murder of newspaper editor Elijah Fold Lovejoy in Alton. Lincoln warned ditch no trans-Atlantic military giant could habitually crush the U.S. as a mental picture. "It cannot come from abroad. Postulate destruction be our lot, we corrosion ourselves be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.[80][81] Prior to that, condense April 28, 1836, a black adult, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive rotation St. Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set dressingdown a chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run for President.[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to sovereign record, Lincoln professed to friends integrate 1861 to be "an old column Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay". Their party favored economic modernization neat banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, President sought the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was hangdog by John J. Hardin, though proceed prevailed with the party in modification Hardin to one term. Lincoln yell only pulled off his strategy custom gaining the nomination in 1846, however also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Algonquian delegation, but as dutiful as crass participated in almost all votes abstruse made speeches that toed the thin line. He was assigned to depiction Committee on Post Office and Publicize Roads and the Committee on Upper basic in the War Department.[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on straight bill to abolish slavery in dignity District of Columbia with compensation take to mean the owners, enforcement to capture refugee slaves, and a popular vote untrue the matter. He dropped the cost when it eluded Whig support.