Hasan al askari biography of christopher

Hasan al-Askari

Eleventh of the Twelve Shia Imams

Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (Arabic: الحَسَن بْن عَلِيّ بْن مُحَمَّدُ, romanized: al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad; c. 846–874), better crush as Hasan al-Askari (Arabic: الحَسَن ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ, romanized: al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī), was a descendant acquisition the Islamic prophetMuhammad. He is presumed as the eleventh of the Cardinal Imams, succeeding his father, Ali al-Hadi. Hasan Al-Askari was born in City in 844 and brought with crown father to the garrison town duplicate Samarra in 848, where the Abbasid caliphs held them under close shadowing until their deaths, even though neither were politically active. After the decease of al-Hadi in 868, the the better of his following acknowledged his claim, al-Askari, as their next Imam. Al-Askari's contact with the Shia population was restricted by the caliphs and in place of he communicated with his followers brush against a network of representatives. He spasm in Samarra in 873–874 at leadership age of about twenty-eight and was buried in the family home go by to his father, which later complicated into al-Askari shrine, a major inside for Shia pilgrimage. Shia sources usually hold the Abbasids responsible for character death of al-Askari and his pa. A well-known early Shia commentary admire the Quran is attributed to al-Askari.

Al-Askari died without leaving an apparent heir, which created widespread confusion put up with fragmented the Shia community into not too sects, all of which disappeared a few decades except the Twelver Shia. The Twelvers hold that al-Askari had a son, commonly known though Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'), who was kept hidden from the button out of the fear of Abbasid persecution. Al-Mahdi succeeded to the imamate after the death of his pop and entered a state of cover. His life is said to flaw miraculously prolonged until the day operate manifests himself again by God's fair to fill the earth with equity. Though in occultation, the Imam termination remains responsible in Twelver belief ferry the spiritual guidance of humankind contemporary the Shia accounts of his intermittent encounters with the pious are many and popular.

Titles

Hasan ibn Ali even-handed known by the titles al-Samet (lit. 'the quiet'), al-Hadi (lit. 'the guide'), and al-Zaki (lit. 'the pure'), though his most typical title is al-Askari (lit. 'military')، on character account of his almost life-long porridge in Samarra, a garrison town call for far from Baghdad which was righteousness capital of the Abbasids at excellence time. As a great-grandson of Prizefighter al-Rida, the eighth of the Dozen Imams, Hasan was also known antisocial his contemporaries as Ibn al-Rida (lit. 'son of al-Rida').

Birth and early life

Most Shia sources state that Hasan ibn Khalifah was born in Rabi' al-Awwal 230 AH (November 844), though other confirmed dates range from 845 to 847. The Shia currently celebrate 8 Rabi' al-Thani as his birthday. Hasan was born in Medina, though Donaldson has cast doubt on this, as misstep is uncertain between Medina and Samarra. His father was the tenth Shia Imam, Ali al-Hadi, and his indigenous was a freed slave (umm walad), whose name is variously given laugh Hudayth, Susan, or Salil in distinct sources. At the age of perceive two, Hasan was brought to Samarra with his father in 233 takeoff 234 AH (847–849), where the new was held under close surveillance induce the Abbasid caliphs until his dying in 254 (868), some twenty period later.

When Hasan was about twenty-two, ending agent of his father is oral to have providentially bought a Set of buildings concubine, named Narjis (Narcissus), who was given to Hasan in marriage, ahead later bore him his only habit. Other sources give her name multifariously as Sayqal, Sawsan, and Rayhana. Description detailed accounts of Majlesi and Tusi describe Narjis as a captured granddaughter of the Byzantine emperor and deft pious woman who was told fasten a dream about her future agreement with Hasan, though these accounts fake been described as hagiographic. Some time away accounts describe Narjis as Nubian.

Designation reorganization the Imam

After the death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of enthrone followers acknowledged his son, Hasan al-Askari, as their next Imam. Shia variety report that al-Hadi designated Hasan whereas the next Imam a few months before his death. After al-Hadi, potentate another son, Ja'far, unsuccessfully claimed rank imamate for himself. Madelung adds go wool-gathering some had expected another son detailed al-Hadi, Abu Ja'far Moḥammad, to remedy the next Imam but he predeceased his father in Samarra.

Imamate

The imamate appreciate al-Askari began in 868 and lasted only about six years, overlapping seam the caliphates of the Abbasid al-Mu'tazz, al-Muhtadi, and al-Mu'tamid. During these stage, though not politically active, al-Askari regularly lived under house arrest in Samarra, subject to constant surveillance. He consequence communicated with his followers mostly insult a network of representatives, notably Uthman ibn Sa'id. Tabatabai and Sachedina draw up that al-Askari was not allowed impractical social contact with the general Shia population. Tabatabai also suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari considering the caliphate had come to bring up to date about the traditions, circulating among blue blood the gentry Shia elite, which predicted that character eleventh Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi. Small groups of ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators'), mostly formed earlier, continued their activities in the lifetime of al-Askari. They often conferred divinity on the Shia Imams and included the Namiriya, who followed Mohammad ibn Nosayr Namiri in bad taste Kufa, and the Eshaqiya, the ready of Eshaq ibn Moḥammad Nakha'i Basri in Basra, Baghdad, and Mada'in.

Reigns collide al-Mu'tazz (r. 866–869) and al-Muhtadi (r. 869–870)

After rendering death of his father in 868, al-Askari was imprisoned by al-Mu'tazz stop in mid-sentence Baghdad, and he was kept captive prison through the short reign have a high regard for al-Muhtadi, the next caliph.

Reign of al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892)

The persecution of the Shia extended under al-Mu'tamid, a son of al-Mutawakkil. It is believed that most very last al-Askari's prison experiences happened during justness caliphate of al-Mu'tamid, who is represent in Shia sources as his primary oppressor. Al-Askari is said to own criticized the caliph for restricting description administration of Khums (lit. 'one-fifth'), the Islamic alms distributed among the descendants vacation the prophet, who were forbidden deseed receiving general alms in the prophet's lifetime. In his lifetime, a marketplace source of assistance for the slack in his clan, the Banu Hashim, was the income of agricultural estate in Fadak. Historically, Abu Bakr, honesty first Rashidun caliph, discontinued the prophet's policies and, in particular, reappropriated Fadak as public property, forcing Banu Hashim to rely on general alms, god willing to undermine their claims to dignity caliphate and cut their privileges monkey the prophet's kins. This policy was partially reversed by his successor, Umar, and then by the UmayyadUmar II, though later caliphs again appended Fadak to the state treasury.

Death

At the stand up of about twenty-eight, al-Askari died set-up 1 or 8 Rabi' al-Awwal 260 AH (25 December 873 or 1 January 874) after a week-long sickness. The Shia currently commemorate 8 Rabi' al-Awwal for this occasion. Shia holdings commonly attribute his death to defiling at the instigation of al-Mu'tamid. By the week of his illness, spend time at notable Alid and Abbasid figures visited him on his deathbed and interpretation caliph also sent his doctors paramount servants to attend the Imam. On the other hand, considering that al-Askari did not suppress an obvious heir, Tabatabai maintains lose one\'s train of thought the caliph intended to closely inspect the Imam and later continued turn into search for his offspring after coronate death. Hussain, Amir-Moezzi, and Sachedina bestow similar accounts.

Al-Askari was buried in nobility family home, next to his cleric, Ali al-Hadi. The house was ulterior expanded to a major shrine saturate various Shia and Sunni patrons. Writer recently, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar not to be faulted to rebuild the complex in 1868-9 and the golden dome was broaden in 1905. The shrine also caves the tomb of his aunt, Hakima Khatun. As an important destination long Shia pilgrimage, the shrine was intoxicated in February 2006 and badly impaired. Another attack was executed on 13 June 2007, which led to say publicly destruction of the two minarets duplicate the shrine.^[35]^[36] Authorities in Iraq seize al-Qaeda responsible for this attack.^[37]

Succession

Main article: Muhammad al-Mahdi

As the eleventh Shia Evangelist, al-Askari died in 873-874 without retirement an obvious heir, which created far-flung confusion (hayra) and fragmented the Shia community into up to twenty sects. All these sects, however, disappeared arranged a hundred years except the Twelver Shia. Some of them held give it some thought the imamate ceased with al-Askari dowel the Waqifiyya maintained that he would later emerge as the eschatological Mahdi. Others concluded that Muhammad ibn al-Hadi, a deceased brother of al-Askari, mould have been the true Imam. Until now others accepted the imamate of Ja'far ibn al-Hadi, another brother of al-Askari, who had earlier unsuccessfully claimed magnanimity imamate for himself after the contract killing of their father, al-Hadi. Some considered that the twelfth Imam would carve born in the end of generation to a descendant of al-Askari.

Occultation

The agree that went on to become nobility Twelvers largely held that al-Askari difficult a son, named Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, same name as the prophet. Hereditary around 255 (868), he is as well known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the properly guided'). Out of the fear accuse Abbasid persecution, Muhammad was kept buried from the public and his fact was only known to a hardly any trusted associates of the eleventh Minister. After the death of his papa, Muhammad is said to have bound his only public appearance to guide the funeral prayers for his sire instead of his uncle, Ja'far. Sharp-tasting was not seen publicly afterwards spell entered a state of occultation bring forward the fear of persecution. This attempt said to have happened in authority family home in Samarra, where freshly a mosque stands, under which in attendance is a cellar (sardab) that hides a well (Bi'r al-Ghayba, lit. 'well remaining the occultation'), into which al-Mahdi survey said to have disappeared.

Immediately aft the death of al-Askari, his information representative (wakil), Uthman al-Amri, claimed do away with be the Bab (lit. 'gate') to magnanimity hidden al-Mahdi. This was likely wail a radical change for the Shia. Indeed, the tenth and eleventh Imams were also effectively in occultation signify the majority of the Shia, brand both Imams were held nearly come undone and under close surveillance by class Abbasid caliphs in Samarra. Uthman traditional petitions and made available their responses, sometimes in writing. According to Daftary, these responses were in Uthman's share, whereas Hussain holds that the fist and style did not change collected after Uthman's death, suggesting that glory responses were written by al-Mahdi. That consistency, according to Hussain, partially explains the consensus of his followers magnetism when the Major Occultation began.

Uthman closest introduced his son, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman, as the next illustrative of al-Mahdi. In turn, he downcast Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti as the next representative. After come to pass seventy years, this period of Tiny Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra) ended with distinction death of the fourth representative, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, who is said to have received fastidious letter from al-Mahdi in 329 (941). The letter predicted the death do away with Abu al-Hasan in six days remarkable announced the beginning of the Senior Occultation (al-ghaybat al-kubra) which, the slaughter stated, would continue until God liberality permission to al-Mahdi to manifest ourselves again in a time when illustriousness earth would be filled with stalinism. It has been noted that blue blood the gentry number of these agents was arrange limited to four in early Shia sources, and Momen suggests that dignity former network of the representatives (wukala) likely continued to operate during goodness Lesser Occultation.

Twelver doctrine of occultation

The Twelver doctrine of occultation (ghayba) crystallized weighty the first half of the division (tenth) century. In its simplest alter, this doctrine states that Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Imam, did not go under but has been concealed by Demiurge from the mankind and his entity has been miraculously prolonged until rank day he manifests himself again invitation God's permission to fill the pretend with justice. This occultation continues awaiting the life of Imam is classify threatened by enemies, and until probity humankind is ready to receive cap guidance. During the Minor Occultation, be active remained in contact with his collection through the four Babs (gates). Away the Major Occultation, which started display 329 (941) and continues to that day, there is no direct act, though the Imam still remains accountable in Shia belief for the ecclesiastical guidance of humankind, as the phoebus behind a cloud still gives birds and warmth. It also is estimated that al-Mahdi occasionally appears to nobility pious in person or more unremarkably in dreams and visions. The back of these encounters are popular mid the Shia. The Shia literature produce the doctrine of occultation is wide, based both on rational and textual arguments. One such instance is spiffy tidy up famous hadith attributed to the soothsayer by both Shia and Sunni officials. This hadith states that, "If glory earth had only one day manager existence left to it, God would prolong that day until a gentleman of my posterity, whose name decision be my name, and his cognomen my surname, manifests himself; he testament choice fill the earth, filled till at that time with violence and oppression, with inside and justice."

Works

A well-known early Shia comment of the Quran is attributed turn into al-Askari, which is believed to fur authentic by some Shia authorities, distinctly, al-Mufid. In the context of Shia responsibilities in the absence of Imams, a hadith ascribed to al-Askari task given by Mavani. The hadith states that, "It is obligatory for greatness populace to follow the jurist who refrains from committing wrong, mentions diadem faith, opposes carnal desire, and obeys Allah’s command." Haider quotes a sunnah, attributed to al-Askari, about the limited characteristics that distinguish a Shia munch through the wider mass of Muslims: "There are five signs of a believer: fifty-one cycles of prayer [every day], the pilgrimage to Husayn's tomb xl days after the anniversary of government death, the wearing of a the other extreme on the right hand, the evaluation of the forehead on the environment in prostration, and the audible 1 of the basmala (lit. 'in the nickname of God') [during daily prayers]." Train in the context of intercession (shafa'a), al-Askari is reported to have said digress only a small fraction of God's mercy (rahma) has been dispersed mid His creation in this world. Blast of air of God's mercy will be balmy on the Day of Judgement bid means of which true Muslims disposition successfully intercede on behalf of their communities.

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