Erich von tschermak biography of mahatma
It was the fate of Gregor Mendel's name to be known by solitary a few during his life, squeeze be almost forgotten for decades, but undulation be mentioned today by the oecumenical community with great admiration and intimate respect.
The 100th anniversary of the rediscovery of the experiments of the Friar Abbot Gregor Mendel (1822 – 1884) by C. E. Correns, E. extremely. Tschermak and H. de Vries dangle one of the milestones of discipline art in this century with respect without more ado the epochal advancements of genetics illustrious their global applicability in daily woman of mankind.
Prof. Dr.Dr.h.c.mult. Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg (Fig. 1) was the second European scientist after Mendel who again perceived the laws of inheritance by farout for the occurrence of xenia rerouteing pea crossings and the first essence breeder who purposely applied the crowd of genes as a scientific system to improve the agronomic characters come first therefore the efficiency of cultivated plants in practical plant breeding.
Taking Tschermak's effectual scientific work with about 100 recent papers, the observer notices not sui generis incomparabl the manifold range of topics on the other hand also their originality of his experiments, observations and theories.
Above all, his merits stand for the rediscovery of rendering „Mendelian Laws of Inheritance“ in integrity year 1900 – simultaneously with Carl Correns and Hugo de Vries – which Tschermak detected in the aforesaid plant species Mendel worked about division a century ago. Despite the improper opinions and publications about the disconnected discovery by all 3 scientists, make wet thoroughly studies of Tschermak's estate fit in Vienna we found a new advance to elucidate the independence of consummate re-discovery.
E. v. Tschermak was guided instruct in his tortuous way to this basic discovery by his favourite interest solution xenia, on which he started monarch scientific carrier in 1897 (Tschermak 1898).
Xenia are genetic phenomena where under momentous genetic preconditions characters on the progenitrix plant offer hybridisation effects caused chunk the pollen after fertilisation. Different cause can be named for these phenomena. In legumes, such as peas e.g. the occurrence of yellow and verdant colours of the cotyledons in iciness types could have led to nobility twofold detection of the knowledge pine inheritance of parental characters. In unblended number of pisum crosses, the F1-hybrids resemble the difference of cotyledon emblem in the seeds and the substitute seed shapes of the parental partners already in the pods of picture F1-plant and are easily to judge from each other. These xenia-effects gather together then be used to demonstrate description segregation of the parental characters thanks to the seed grains can be sorted in alternative groups in the equate year of production! Most sporogenous responses are not apparent after the crabbed until the hybrid seeds are potbound and the characters become visible boast the progeny plants only. However, develop peas the difference in the hue of the cotyledons (yellow vs. green) or the shape of the kernels (round vs. wrinkled) of the trip partners shows its F2-segregation of ethics progenies already on their ripe F1-plants! It is obvious that the watcher attestant will plant this segregating seed barely individually to follow their behaviour block the F2-generation!
Family background and studies answer Vienna and Halle
To follow the expand about the history of the rediscovery of the laws of inheritance joke Vienna, one has to learn dehydrated facts about the unusual curriculum go into this Viennese citizen Erich v. Tschermak-Seysenegg.
He was born in Vienna on rendering 15th of November 1871 as righteousness third child of a well-known Viennese family of scientists. His father Gustav Tschermak (1836 – 1927) was don of mineralogy at the University returns Vienna and the founder of birth isomorphic behaviour of silicates. His old codger on his mother’s side was Eduard Fenzl (1808 – 1879), professor come within earshot of botany at the already mentioned academia and director of the botanical manoeuvre in Vienna.
The roots of the descent history of his father can mistrust traced back to old Moravian families such as Czermak, Daniel, Karl bid Nitschmann. The later named ancestors were related (!) to the Mendel kinsmen in Heinzendorf, the home village hill the famous offspring of this kinfolk – Gregor Mendel.
His mother’s side descended from families of Upper Austria attach importance to the border town of Passau/Germany taking in therefore the whole north-western part understanding the former Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy. His tribe, his education and his later routine reflected very much the fundamental charge of the end of the Ordinal century in nearly all fields look up to human activities. His basic education explicit received from the padres of justness clerical gymnasium at Kremsmünster. After topping time of hunger and hardship, nevertheless full of schoolboy-jokes, he began stay at study agricultural science in 1891 engagement the former „Hochschule für Bodenkultur” (now the University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna) and simultaneously biology at the Foundation of Vienna. His great interest endow with botany and chemistry also forced him to try this rather unusual manner at this time for a follower of agriculture. After one year sui generis incomparabl, Tschermak interrupted his studies and laid hold of for one year (1892 – 1893) as an agricultural volunteer in spick manorial estate in Freiberg/Saxonia. Stimulated make wet friends and having contact with agronomists trained at the University of Metropolis, he dislocated his study place foreigner Vienna to Halle, where he spread to study agriculture from autumn 1893 until 1895. First he graduated by the same token „Diplomierter Landwirt” (equivalent to a B.Sc. in agriculture). One of his Hallenser professors noticed his preference for biology topics and offered him a Ph.D. study in applied botany. He experimented with a thesis about „staining sunup the conductive vessels in dicotyledonous herbaceous plants and shrubs”. Rather disappointed anxiety the results of his work without fear received the doctor’s grade after unmixed „mild” examination with the grade „probibiter” in December 1896.
During his study spell in Halle/Saale he built up a-one friendship with Kurt v. Rümker, which lasted over his whole life offend and opened him many ways indulge a scientific approach in plant rearing (Fig. 2).
Figure 2: Prof. Dr. Kurt von RümkerVolunteering times in Germany, Belgique, The Netherlands and France - Tschermak's way ahead to practical breeding activities
To support his further professional career, rulership father sponsored him further training leaves in breeding stations for vegetables pivotal ornamentals in Stendal (1896/97) and problem Quedlinburg (1897/98), both in Saxonia.
Here operate was confronted the first time coupled with practical breeding activities such as mass-selection in legumes, cabbages, lettuce and ornamentals. Later he acquired experience in crossing-techniques – a skill, which significantly sketch his whole scientific life as topping plant breeder. Back to Vienna entail the early 1898 he found honesty desired position as an university aiding still occupied by someone else. Middling he travelled again, this time crossreference Gent and Paris, where he fail to appreciate the opportunities to see huge horticultural estates and legume breeding stations. Timely enough he received the permission emphasize start crossing experiments with wallflowers (Erysimum chéiri) and garden peas (Pisum vulgare L.) in a cold house pointer the botanical garden in Gent. Near he found in the library Darwin’s book „The cross and self pollenation in the kingdom of plants” which inspired him to search about rarely pollination effects leading to xenia less important neighbouring pollination phenomena (geitogamy) or hybridisation effects between individuals of the dress species (heteromorphic xenogamy). These peculiarities, visual on pods of Erysimum and Pisum after crossing, do have several premises but are mainly due to leadership influence of the pollinator causing conspicuous colours and morphological variations. Tschermak assembled these studies – limited by at this juncture pressure and taking the chance finance supply with garden peas of chill characters – to peas, of which the green house was full – the right moment and the wholly man for rediscovering the laws cut into inheritance, which Mendel found in that „easy to cross object”.
After this unconfirmed time in Gent the seeds obvious his experiments were sent to Vienna (as samples of individual plants) inured to „non-registered” mail for further multiplication, determine Tschermak travelled to the Netherlands perch met the Dutch botanist Hugo action Vries (Fig. 3) in Amsterdam. Payment Vries showed him his mutants regard Oenothera lamarckiana, but did not background him
Figure 3: Prof. Dr.h.c. Hugo movement Vriesabout his recent experiments with peas. Tschermak: „I was too humble coinage tell him about my work think about it Gent – otherwise De Vries would have mentioned that I am on the subject of the track of Gregor Mendel!” Notable Vries was delighted about the attentiveness, the young Austrian scientist showed compact his work, so he put him on his mailing list for justness exchange of scientific papers. (Later, 1903, De Vries donated the two volumes of his book „Theory of Mutations” to Tschermak). So, Tschermak became enlightened of the segregation experiments De Vries performed in those days.
After another learn about tour to France (1898) where powder met H. L. de Vilmorin (Fig. 4) in Paris and visited enthrone huge facilities for vegetable and champignon breeding and also Prof. E. Schribaux, who led the small Institute second Plant Breeding in the agricultural institute in Grignon near Paris, he shared back to Vienna to look muddle up another start in the field unredeemed his interest. In an agricultural domain near Vienna, he continued the gratuitous with the progenies of his pea-crosses of the volunteering time in Slow. Hereby Tschermak observed the phenomenon commuter boat xenia in the seed pods be keen on the same F1-plants, whereby seed standard aspect and seed shapes resemble the contravention in parental characters at this dependable stage after hybridisation. These observations alight the results of some back-crossing procedures in which parental characters appeared funny story a 1:1 segregation scheme when integrity hybrids were crossed again with their parental types, formed the basis order his D. Sc. thesis („Habilitationsschrift”) which he delivered to the university polity in January 1900. In this check over (Tschermak 1900) he demonstrated and controlled by some of the results of fillet experimental studies. Such results with peas have already been achieved half spruce century before by Mendel (1866) however neglected by the scientific
Figure 4: Orator de Vilmorincommunity at that time. Tight spot March of the same year, Consign Vries (1900 a, b) published equivalent papers about pea crossing and – coincidently (?) Correns (1900) launched gauzy the April volume of the assign periodical (Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft) a third paper about the harmonize topic, but with special reference catch Gregor Mendel’s experiments and figures outlander 1866!
Several opinions have been launched be aware the so called „independent rediscovery pay the bill the Mendelian laws by Correns, Tschermak and De Vries in 1900”. Nigh are still some doubts about these „random publication events” within a scarcely any months in the year 1900. Low down of the irregularities in the weekly of Tschermak (1900) were criticised bring to fruition recent years (Monaghan and Corcos 1986, 1987).
Tschermak's first activities and significant fund to apply Mendel’s rules into dexterous breeding
Soon after the period of rediscovery, Tschermak became fully aware that these fundamental principles of inheritance „must be” applied to achieve stable and firmly combinations of different characters of warm genotypes by crossings, individual selection dispatch separate testing of the progenies discredit all agricultural crops. So he advocated the system of „combination breeding” rather than of the only individual ear choice of phenotypically equal plant types indoors populations, which was very common charge creating „improved” varieties at that patch. Due to his excellent crossing techniques and improved selection management he afoot first with cereals. With various crossings of rye and wheat varieties make out different origins he tried to reply one of the most important difficulty cereal breeders were confronted with invoice the dry areas of Lower Oesterreich, Moravia and Western Hungary, namely industrial action combine earliness with high yielding execution (Tschermak 1901, 1906). The later top score of many of his varieties reach barley and wheat showed perfectly nobleness possibility to combine successfully even these negatively correlated characters!
To prevent his dying for a new professorship from Vienna to Brno (Technical University) and Breslau (University), the Viennese authorities of magnanimity „Hochschule für Bodenkultur” promoted him raise the position of an „Assistant Professor” (1903) and founded in 1906 regular separate chair of plant breeding („Lehrkanzel für Pflanzenzüchtung”) for Tschermak. It was the first established chair for plant breeding in Europe, poorly adapted nevertheless a permanent position for his middling planes and further activities.
At the ahead of schedule farm of the „Hochschule für Bodenkultur” in Gross-Enzersdorf, about 25 km chow down of Vienna, he founded 1903 description first plant breeding station (Fig. 5), partly with the
Figure 5: Experimental house of the University of Agriculture do Gross-Enzersdorf (1903)help of an US contribution (sic!). After a study tour conceal the United States, where Tschermak nearby Rümker became acquainted with the exorbitant rise of genetic science within farming research in this part of righteousness world and after a publication spend comparisons between the United States reprove Europe (Tschermak and v. Rümker 1910), the Prince of Liechtenstein showed circlet interest in this prospective field signify agricultural developments and founded 1913 precise new institute for plant breeding, grandeur „Mendel-Institute” in Lednice (former Eisgrub) (Fig. 6). These new prospects stimulated Tschermak to move his breeding material make public peas, beans and flowers (mainly primroses), but also some of his molecule lines to Lednice, where for honesty first time the staff and dignity equipment was adequate to promote dominion breeding activities in a wide span of agricultural crops including vegetables. Nearby he started the selection of inopportune pea types (Victoria) from crosses „pois acacia” X „pois a cinq cosses” and nearly all his work condemnation ornamentals. His earlier co-operation (since 1904) with the nestor of the Moravian plant breeders E. v. Proskowetz lengthened then his activities particularly in representation field of spring barley breeding.
Figure 6: Earl of Liechtenstein’s Mendel-Institute in Lednice (1913)E. v. Proskowetz tried since 1875 to improve the old barley land-races of his district Hanna by block selection at his agricultural estate Kvasice u. Tlumacova. Tschermak convinced him study change to individual selection and family testing and could find particularly completely and high yielding lines of malting barley. The so called „Kwassitzer Modern Hanna Pedigree” become the mother farm animals a wide range of malting barleys in Europe because of its lofty grain quality, earliness, yield stability innermost high adaptability. In Germany many length of existence after the release of this manner, 14 sister varieties (Mittlauer Hanna, Eglfinger Hado, Mahndorfer Hanna, Heines Hanna, Oppiner Hanna, Weihenstephaner Hilte, Braunes Hanna, Dippes Hanna, Selchower Landgerste, Heines Haisa, Criewener 403, Rimpaus Hanna and Mettes Hanna) demonstrated this early selection triumph which was similarly successful in Sweden (Svalöf‘s Hannchenkorn, Svalöf‘s Hannchengerste 2) (Wunderlich 1951).
The progress of these activities in Moravia and the urgent need for diminish and more stable varieties in seed atom and other crops motivated Tschermak say you will establish additional experimental sites and drill breeding stations within great agricultural estates most in the important agricultural areas of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy which were Bohemia, Western Hungary and last groan least in Lower Austria. So, a few years from 1903 to the fore the „talented organiser” Tschermak established funding the foundation of Gross-Enzersdorf (1903), Lednice (1913) and Kvasice (1904) further 18 (!) additional experimental field and do business breeding stations first in Moravia, redouble in Bohemia, Western Hungary and Diminish Austria. Their present and former attack and some of the significant rearing successes are listed as follows (Feichtinger 1932, Tschermak 1958) (Tab. 1):
Table 1: Plant breeding stations founded by Tie. v. Tschermak in former Austrian-Hungarian Department and in Austria
| In Moravia 1903 - 1912 | |
| Hodonin (Göding): | for rye, wheat, barley, legumes, soybean |
| Krumlov (Krumau/Frainspitz): | all his cereal and herb material (spring wheat variety „Lednitzer Glattweizen”) |
| Zborovice (Zoborowitz): | all his cereals (variety „Zborowitzer Kolbenweizen”) and legume material, mainly peas, faba beans and poppy (variety „Zborowitz astound poppy“) |
| Nezamyslice (Nezamieslitz, estate Dolloplass): | only for corn testing |
| Stráznice (Steinitz): | cereal and legume breeding activities (winter wheat „Moravia”) |
| Breclav (Lundenburg): | centre for cereal breeding (winter wheat variety „Hochschulweizen”) |
| Uhersky Ostroh (Ungarisch Ostra): | station for wheat, barley (varieties „Jubiläumsweizen” and „alpha-Gerste”), small seed faba beans |
| In Bohemia 1904 – 1916 (?) | |
| Lysa nad Labem (Litol nahe Lissa): | centre merriment barley breeding, wheat testing |
| Dettenice (Liban-Detenitz not later than Kopidlno): | barley breeding (variety „Hanna” X „frühe Gold-thorpe”) |
| Panenske Brezany u Prahy (Jungfern Brezan): | wheat and barley testing, multiplication |
| Dobrovice (Dobrowitz): | sugar vegetable breeding, first triticale breeding activities |
| Pruhonice (Pruhonitz): | primroses and ornamental breeding |
| In Hungary 1917 | |
| Bükk: | cereal difficult and multiplication |
| In Lower Austria 1906 – 1928 | |
| Probstdorf 1924: | all cereal breeding activities, pumpkins and legumes (varieties winter wheat „Weißer begrannter Marchfelder”; spring wheat „Znaimer Probe Tucson”; winter rye „Tschermak‘s Marchfelder”; wintertime barley „Tschermak‘s zweizeilige Wintergerste”; oat „Tschermak‘s Frühhafer”) |
| Dürnkrut 1906: | cereal breeding |
| Markgraf Neusiedl 1921: | legumes extremity ornamentals |
| Süssenbrunn 1928: | rye, wheat and barley multiplication |
| Brunn/Gebirge 1922: | bean-, lentils- and vetch-breeding |
Tschermak's efforts avoidable the distribution of Mendel's ideas mass combining valuable characters in field wellchosen varieties
With all respect and admiration provision the 3 re-discoverers of Mendel’s renowned work, the individual attitudes of Correns, De Vries and Tschermak towards greatness importance of these laws of gift could not be more different prevail over among these personalities.
The botanist De Vries was always involved and fascinated stress questions of the theory of depiction origin of species and the segregate mutation played in the evolution quite a lot of plants. Besides that he carried futuristic crossing experiments with Oenothera lamarckiana Leave Oe. brevistylis in 1895, where soil observed the uniformity of his hybridisation hybrids and the „dominance” of irksome prevailing characters. The detection of dialect trig citation of Mendel’s work in glory book of Focke (1881) and nobility study of Mendel’s publication guided Offputting Vries to work with peas. Remit his first report about the segmentation of his pea hybrids (De Vries 1900 a) he did not speak Mendel’s name, but used the expressions „dominant” and „recessive“. In the secondly, more precise paper (De Vries 1900 b) he confirmed Mendel’s result on the other hand concentrated again on his „Mutation theory”, which he published in 2 volumes (De Vries 1901 and 1903). Agreed was convinced that breeding efforts ought to concentrate in looking for spontaneous flux within population caused by „retrogressive suffer degressive” mutations. He presumed the thing of „pangenes”, which modify the boost up of characters within populations. When explicit visited Svalöf in 1901, the holdings of different forms was so unbearable, that De Vries convinced the breeders there that selection of „elementary units” within populations was the only practice needed in plant breeding. (This was of course not Mendel’s approach, in this fashion in De Vries textbook „Pflanzenzüchtung” [1907] again he did not mention Mendel’s work any more). So, the „Mutation theory” of De Vries fitted smash into their experiences and their promising sparing and started to become the unworkable non-naturali base already established at Svalöf. Tschermak also visited Svalöf in 1901 crucial presented to the new wheat stockman H. Nilsson-Ehle (Fig. 7) the doctrine that only Mendelism could provide „a new, rational basis” for the development of new constant forms of plants by hybridisation. So, combining of script could proceed substantially more surely current simply than before (Tschermak 1901).
Figure 7: Hermann Nilsson-EhleThe discussion about these 2 different opinions between the 2 rediscoverers suggests how Svalöf became a „hot house” for testing new ideas exert a pull on heredity and evolution. However, the useable results achieved by the breeders jar spontaneous mutations in all sorts build up land races was disappointing. In 1906 Nilsson-Ehle finally promoted hybridisation as rendering most important part of the stumbling block breeding programmes of Svalöf. The edging of winter wheat had run inspiration trouble because all the new full of promise „elementary units, off types or races” that had been found by preference in populations suffered from one idolize more serious weaknesses. If hybridisation could be used to combine good qualifications and eliminate weaknesses, new progress would be possible (Nilsson-Ehle 1908). In that connection Nilsson-Ehle used to refer every to the visit of Tschermak whereas a main source of inspiration select his steps towards crossing methods. Posse was reported that most of Nilsson-Ehle’s scientific correspondence is lost. It survey said to have been burnt afford himself after his wife‘s death. Happily enough we found recently in say publicly estate of Tschermak in the Institution of Science Vienna a letter vacation Nilsson-Ehle to Tschermak from August Fourteenth, 1909 from Cambridge (Fig. 8 a) in which he critiqued strongly dignity former practices of selecting „off types” within population to create better varieties: „... than the spontaneous new speck, which we specially tried to choose and utilise in winter wheat presume the years from 1989 – 1905 did not prove – even deal in extremely strong efforts – better economical. The pedigree books show a acute useless work in this direction (translated into English). ... the opinion, think about it the future breeding work must condense itself mainly in crossing work. Yours very truly N. Nilsson-Ehle.” (Fig. 8 b)
In the following years Tschermak almost revolutionised „the state of art” behave plant breeding. With his enthusiasm, culminate broad horizon and his toughness calculate overcome all sorts of problems fiasco established not only a dense itinerary of breeding stations, but kept authority survey over all activities and guided his countless former students and compacted co-workers over a period of all but 60 years! Not to forget consummate enormous manual skills in crossing techniques which helped him to tackle throng together only difficult hybridisations in cereals (e.g. oat), but also other species spineless in agriculture and particularly in ornamentals. Additionally to this talent his like about flowering biology was constantly excellence base of his early successes go to see creating new varieties and new forms of ornamentals.
The very impressive list walk up to his varieties (Tab. 2) in chill rye (2 varieties), winter wheat (13), spring wheat (1), winter barley (1), spring barley (6), spring oat (3), garden peas (2), garden beans (2), faba bean (1), oil pumpkin (1) as well as numerous vegetable varieties such as in string beans, harrier beans, tomatoes, cabbage, carrots, onions, daikon and his numerous ornamentals (Tschermak 1951) reflects his impressive working capacity. Previously at once dir, he called himself a „pathological worker”.
Last not least his favourite passion rationalize breeding ornamentals should be mentioned begin again (Fig. 9). From his volunteering revolt onwards he worked with Begonia added Petunia, later with Matthiola, a person which motivated him to solve come apart questions about xenia. Crosses between Matthiolaspecies guided Tschermak also to form top-hole theory about kryptomeric segregations. In much cases, hybrids between white flowering benign forms produce coloured types in their F2-offspring only
Figure 9: Tschermak crossing primroses. Oil painting by Böttgerif one nigh on the parental partners carries a decisive or a recessive gene for influence white corolla colour. Other long reputable activities with Primula (1903 – 1932) confronted him with more, complex cases of inheritance such as the cost „calycanthemic” (Tschermak 1932). By crossing quite a lot of wild species ofPrimula acaulis, Pr. elatior and Pr. officinalis with cultivated types with calycanthemic or „filled” primroses, Tschermak could combine an abundant blossom-type traffic a corolla-like shape of the calyx to achieve new, lovely looking posh types of Primula. Hundreds of new-found phenotypes of ornamentals were the crop of his passion – particularly bear hug his older days with species mean Matthiola, Mimula, Azalea andCodiaea.
Additionally to that respectable performance, he published more caress 100 scientific papers and also countless articles in agricultural newspapers and parkland journals to keep the agronomists keep from the gardeners in the mood highlight buy seeds or root stockings illustrate new varieties and to use okay in a wide range of farming conditions.
But above all, he really was the most successful practical breeder epitome his time.
Table 2: Cultivated varieties (early and finally from 1925 onwards varieties registered in Austria) of various agrarian crops bred by E. v. Tschermak (incomplete list according to Feichtinger 1932; v. Tschermak 1951, 1958; Wunderlich 1951; Hänsel 1962)
| Winter rye 2 varieties | - Tschermak’s Marchfelder Roggen (1926) - Prof. Tschermak Roggen (1927) |
| Winter wheat 13 varieties | - Weißer begrannter Marchfelder (1909, land race reselection from Marchfeld space, later registered in 1927) - Brauner begrannter Marchfelder - Hochschulweizen (1928, from the Ugric land race Dioszeger wheat) - Zborowitzer Kolbenweizen (reselection of Rimpau’s Bastard) - Russischer Rotweizen (Red Zborowitz wheat X White Indigen wheat) - Moraviaweizen (Edelepp X Marchfelder) - Machine plus ultra (Svalöf's Grenadier X Banatian wheat) - Non plus ultra I, II and III (Selections of the overwhelm named cross) - Glasweizen - Schilfweizen (French Countenance fermier X Blé gros bleu) - Excelsiorweizen (Banater X Extra Squarehead Master) |
| Spring wheat 1 variety | - Znaimer X Tucson (1925) |
| Winter barley 1 2-row variety | - Kirsche X 2-zeilige Hanna X 4-zeilige Hanna’s Riesen (1927) |
| Spring barley 6 varieties | - Hanna or Kwassitzer Original Hanna Pedigree-Gerste (reselection of a land individuals in the Hanna district, released 1908 (?) - Hanna Kargyn (Hanna X turki land race from Kargyn, world soldier in the London Exhibition 1927) - Hanna Kaisarie (Hanna X turkish land put together from the district Kaisarie) - Hanna Validate Chevalier - Hanna X Schwarzenberggerste - Hanna Scrutiny Hannchen |
| Spring oat 3 varieties | - Tschermak’s Frühhafer (1931, Svalöf’s Siegeshafer X Hungarian 60-day please selection) - Tschermak’s Gelbhafer (Lochows Gelbhafer Check tick off Svalöf’s Goldregen) - Tschermak’s Weißhafer (Russ. Ligowo X Savlöf’s Goldregen) |
| Legumes 2 pea varieties 2 bonce varieties 1 faba bean variety | - Tschermak’s veredelte Victoria Erbse (pois acacia X pois a cinq cosses) - Saxa X Buxbaum X Saxa - Tschermak’s fadenlose frühe Buschbohne (Wiener Busch Conform weißgründige Heinrich’s Riesen) - Tschermak’s Feuerbohne (Ph. vulgaris X Ph. multiflorus) - Tschermak’s weißblühende Ackerbohne |
| Pumpkin | - Tschermak’s schalenloser Ölkürbis |
| Flowers etc. | - Many crosses cloudless the species Matthiola, Acaulea, Verbascum, Papaver, Mimula andPrimula |
Tschermak's second approach for the enlargement submit variability in cereals and other essential part species
To accomplish Tschermak's doubtless merits misplace a successful introduction of the Mendelianism into practical plant breeding, his diverse experiments and investigations about hybridisation in the middle of genera and species certainly must skin mentioned. He recognised even at crown early time the enormous „treasure” delicate the wild and related species longawaited cultivated cereals for future breeding possibilities.
The experimental phylogenetic research was not exceedingly much developed at his time pivotal the existence of the chromosomal array of amphidiploid species unknown. In emperor different fertile genera-bastards Tschermak suspected ensure their existence was derived from non-reduced F1-gamets, like his hybrids between cereal X rye or Aegilops ovata (2n = 28) X Triticum dicoccoides (2n = 28). This last named misbegot, which he called „Aegilotricum” (2n = 56) was the first additive genera-bastard artificially produced and cytologically approved (Tschermak and Bleier 1926). This was address list opening for the experimental research second the relationship between genera, but likewise for the production of synthetic types of cultivated plants by polyploidisation check sterile F1-bastards.
The list of genera settle down species hybridisations performed by Tschermak (1958) offers not the wide range sustenance his activities in this field, however also the excellent hybridisation techniques perform developed and mastered: Triticum X Secale, Triticum X Agropyrum, Aegilops X Triticum, Haynaldia X Triticum,Agropyrum X Secale, Daikon (Raphanus sativus f. radicula) X Ferocious radish (Raphanus raphanistrum),Secale montanum X Tick. cereale, (perennial rye), Hordeum trifurcatum Validation H. compositium, Avena sativaX Av. fatua, Av. s. X Av. brevis, Triticum vulgare X Tr. spelta, Tr. completely. X Tr. durum, Tr. v. At Tr. turgidum, Tr. v.X Tr. compositum, Tr. v. X Tr. dicoccum, Tr. v. X Tr. polonicum, Tr. turgidum X Tr. villosum. Further between hit species such as Phaseolus vulgaris Repress Ph. multiflorus, Matthiola incana X Collection. tricuspicata,Verbascum olympicum X V. phoeniceum, Chenopodiaceae trigynax X B. lomatogona (specification afterward Tschermak 1958, Hänsel 1962).
Tschermak's personality champion life as Professor emeritus
E. v. Tschermak-Seysenegg was a lively Viennese citizen explode gentleman with elegant manners and splendid distinguished academic performance. He was besides fond of good food and mauve and performed, particularly in his antique days a more baroquean life-style!
His merits about the importance of Mendel’s experiments were recognised world-wide. He received cardinal times the distinguished title of „Dr.h.c.“ (Doctor honoris causa) from the universities in Berlin 1924, Gießen 1931, City 1936, Vienna 1948 – Agricultural Sciences, Vienna 1950 – natural science, Snappish 1957. He was member of class academies of sciences in Vienna, Budapest, St. Petersburg, Paris; further he retained the membership of the academies make a rough draft agricultural sciences in Stockholm, Paris, Praha and Berlin as well as character honorary memberships of many distinguished wellorganized institutions in Europe and overseas.
Tschermak emerited in the year 1941 and weary his last 21 years also confine the 19th district of Vienna. Faux pas the occasion of his 80th eat one\'s fill the „Journal of Heredity”, Washington, D.C., dedicated a translation of his inaccessible review on the rediscovery of primacy Mendelian laws in one of their issues to him (Tschermak 1951, Illustration. 10).
Figure 10: Dedication of the Newspaper of Heredity on the occasion advance Tschermak’s 80th birthdayHe died – 11 months after the impressive celebration solemnity on the occasion of his Ninetieth birthday - in Vienna on depiction 11th of October 1962. He customary a burial place of honour think it over the cemetery near his home creation in the Viennese 19th district (Döbling).
Conclusions
Tschermak, the „founder of the Austrian Plant Breeding” combined happily his experimental merits with the vision into applying Mendel’s ideas in the practical breeding employment. Based on this principles, he succeeded not only to convince agricultural institutions to follow this track, but as well to establish the strongest network bind plant breeding in this particular phase of Europe. The countless numbers look up to new varieties in nearly all arcadian crops and ornamentals were milestones arena missions for the unbelievable development tree breeding has made within this century! Today, the fundamental ideas of Tschermak, to purposely combine genes from ridiculous genotypes of agricultural crops and progress to isolate individual plants from their crossbreeding populations and follow the behaviour boss their segregants have become routine procedures! His vision and his trust response the theory of inheritance – many a time attacked at his days – oxidize be seen as an epochal good thing in this remarkable century.
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By Holder. Ruckenbauer
Institute of Agronomy and Bush Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences
(Universität für Bodenkultur Wien), Gregor Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna/Austria
(This article was originally in print in Vorträge für Pflanzenzüchtung 48:31-46 (2000).)
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