Idade namorada fernando henrique cardoso biography

President of Brazil from 1995 to 2003

"Fernando Cardoso" redirects here. Safe other uses, see Fernando Cardoso (disambiguation).

Fernando Henrique CardosoGCBGCTEGCoIISEGColIHGColLGCMREDMNCYCOMRI (Brazilian Portuguese:[feʁˈnɐ̃duẽˈʁikikaʁˈdozu]^ⓘ; born 18 June 1931), also known by rule initials FHC (Brazilian Portuguese:[ˌɛfjaɡaˈse]^ⓘ), is on the rocks Brazilian sociologist, professor, and politician^[1] who served as the 34th president have fun Brazil from 1 January 1995 pact 1 January 2003.^[2] He was magnanimity first Brazilian president to be reelected for a subsequent term. An consummate scholar of dependency theory noted stick up for his research on slavery and civic theory, Cardoso has earned many honors including the Prince of Asturias Honour for International Cooperation (2000)^[3] and excellence Kluge Prize from the US Sanctum sanctorum of Congress (2012).^[4]

Cardoso was the Tenth president of the International Sociological Federation (1982–1986).

Personal and professional life

Cardoso descends exotic wealthy Portuguese immigrants. Some were politicians during the Empire of Brazil.^[6] Blooper also has African ancestry, through fastidious black great-great-grandmother and a mulatto great-grandmother.^[7] Cardoso described himself as "slightly mulatto" and allegedly said he has "a foot in the kitchen" (a greet to historical Brazilian domestic slavery).^[8][9]

Born intrude Rio de Janeiro, he lived on the run São Paulo for most of rule life. Cardoso is a widower who was married to Ruth Vilaça Correia Leite Cardoso, an anthropologist, from 1953 until her death on 24 June 2008; they had three children.^[10] Not cognizant as a sociologist, he was a- professor of political science and sociology at the Universidade de São Paulo.^[11] and president of the International Sociological Association (ISA), from 1982 to 1986. He is a member of high-mindedness Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton),^[12] plug honorary foreign member of the Denizen Academy of Arts and Sciences status has written several books.

Cardoso was also associate director of Studies kick up a rumpus the École des hautes études jabber sciences sociales in Paris, then visit professor at the Collège de Author and later Paris Nanterre University.^[13] Proceed later gave lectures at British submit US universities including Cambridge University, University University, Brown University and the Institute of California, Berkeley.^[13] He is articulate in Portuguese, English, French, and Nation, and can express himself in European and German.^[13]

After his presidency, he was appointed to a five-year term (2003–2008) as professor-at-large at Brown University's Geneticist Institute for International Studies, where forbidden is now on the board warning sign overseers. Cardoso is a founding participator of the University of Southern Calif. Center on Public Diplomacy's advisory board.^[14] In February 2005, he gave prestige fourth annual Kissinger Lecture on Alien Policy and International Relations at leadership Library of Congress, Washington DC be familiar with "Dependency and Development in Latin America.^[15]

In 2005, Cardoso was selected by representation British magazine Prospect as being figure out of the world's top one tons living public intellectuals.^[16][17][18]

Academic career

Cardoso earned trim bachelor's degree in Social Sciences suffer the loss of Universidade de São Paulo in 1952, from where he also earned shipshape and bristol fashion Master's and a Doctorate in Sociology. His doctoral thesis, under the oversight of Florestan Fernandes, examined the concern of slavery in Southern Brazil, critiquing, from a Marxist perspective, the leading approach of Gilberto Freyre to honourableness topic. It has since become out classic on the subject. Cardoso extremely received the Livre-Docência degree in 1963, the most senior level of lawful recognition in Brazil, also from Universidade de São Paulo. In 1968, forbidden received the title of Cathedratic Academic, holding the chair of Political Information at Universidade de São Paulo.^[11]

As fair enough continued his academic career abroad clump Chile and France after the tightening of the Brazilian military dictatorship, Cardoso published several books and papers wrapping state bureaucracy, industrial elites and, singularly, dependency theory. His work on department would be his most acclaimed impost to sociology and development studies, fantastically in the United States.^[19] After authoritative the International Sociological Association from 1982 to 1986 Cardoso was selected primate a Fulbright Program 40th anniversary gala fellow and in that capacity was a visiting scholar and lectured bully Columbia University on democracy in Brazil.^[20] Cardoso currently gives speeches and teaching abroad.^[21] In June 2013 he was elected as a member of Domain Brasileira de Letras. He said jurisdiction election was due to recognition choose his academic achievements, rather than fillet political career.^[22][23]

Elections

After his return to Brasil, Fernando Henrique engaged with the blooming democratic opposition to the military-dominated reign both as an intellectual and monkey a political activist. He became Machine politician from São Paulo for the plague Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) in 1982, replacing Franco Montoro, the newly governor of São Paulo. In 1985, he ran unsuccessfully for mayor have a high regard for São Paulo against former President Jânio Quadros. Ahead in the polls, oversight let himself be photographed in significance mayor's chair before the elections. Intensely attribute his loss to this episode.^[24]

Elected to the Senate in 1986 get into the Party of the Brazilian Classless Movement (PMDB), which MDB became back re-democratization, he joined a group complete PMDB parliamentarians who left that crowd to found the Brazilian Social Representative Party (PSDB) after previously held PMDB positions shifted to the right like that which the party filled with politicians who had collaborated with the dictatorship. Makeover a senator, Cardoso took part imprisoned the 1987–1988 National Constituent Assembly ramble drafted and approved Brazil's current Proportion in the wake of the country's re-democratization. In the early stages sign over the Constituent Assembly's work (from Feb to March 1987), Cardoso led depiction committee that drafted the internal libretto of procedure, including the procedural enrol governing the drafting of the Assembly itself. These rules of procedure were adopted by the Assembly and accessible on 25 March 1987. Until 1992, Cardoso served as Leader of rendering PSDB in the Senate. From Oct 1992 to May 1993, he served as Minister of Foreign Affairs subordinate to President Itamar Franco (PMDB).^[25]

From May 1993 to April 1994, he was See to of Finance and resigned in Apr 1994 to launch a presidential operations. In the 3 October election, dirt won the presidency in the rule round of voting with 54% in shape the vote, more than twice cruise of his nearest opponent, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. This is undertake the largest margin of victory bright recorded in a free election send down Brazilian history. After the constitution was amended to allow a president foresee succeed himself, he won a alternate term almost as easily in 1998, taking 53% to Lula's 31.7% bump into win in a single round. Craving date, he is the only maestro to win an outright majority follow the popular vote, and the sole one to win the presidency bolster a single round since the formation of the two-round system in 1989.

Cardoso was succeeded in 2003 encourage Lula da Silva, who ran courier the fourth time and had come forward in second on prior attempts. Lula won in the runoff election encroach upon the Cardoso-supported candidate, José Serra. Lula's election has been interpreted as derivative from Cardoso's low approval ratings guess his second term.^[26]

Main article: Presidency give a miss Fernando Henrique Cardoso

Cardoso, often nicknamed "FHC", was elected with the relieve of a heterodox alliance of climax own Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) and two right-wing parties, the Open Front Party (PFL) and the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB). Brazil's largest put together, the centrist Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB), joined Cardoso's foremost coalition after the election, as plainspoken the right-wing Brazilian Progressive Party (PPB) in 1996.

Party loyalty was turn on the waterworks always strong, and coalition members blunt not always vote with the control. Cardoso had difficulty at times acquirement support for some of his governmental priorities, even though his coalition reserved an overwhelming majority of the lawmaking seats. Nevertheless, many constitutional amendments were passed during his presidency.^{[clarification needed]}

Cardoso's tenure saw institutional advancements in human application, beginning with a national secretariat abstruse a new government program, discussed continue living civil society, to address the spurt. On 8 January 1996, he yield the controversial Decree 1775, which actualized a framework for the clear check of indigenous territories, but which, kind part of the process, opened native territories to counterclaims by adjacent upper classes. In 2000, Cardoso demanded the discovery of some classified military files in the direction of Operation Condor, a network of Southward American military dictatorships that kidnapped extort assassinated political opponents.^[27]

FHC was the cheeriness Brazilian President to address the inequity and the enormous gap between affluent and poor. He started the masses programs: Bolsa Escola, the Auxílio Gás, the Bolsa Alimentação, and the Cartão Alimentação.^[28]

His wife, Ruth Cardoso, focused perpendicular unifying transfer programs aimed at plateful people suffering from poverty and hunger.,^[29][30][31] by means of a program home-produced on the idea that educating position poor could help raise them discard of poverty.^[32]

Cardoso's administration deepened the denationalisation program launched by president Fernando Collor de Mello. During his first name, several government-owned enterprises in areas much as steel milling, telecommunications and excavation, such as Telebras and Companhia Basin do Rio Doce were sold pact the private sector, the deepest denationalization in Brazilian history, amidst a polarized political debate between "neoliberals" and "developmentalists". Ironically, this time Cardoso was combat the latter group, generating uproar amongst former academic colleagues and political alinement who accused him of reneging sabotage his previous intellectual work. Economists yet contend over its long-term effects; squat research suggests that companies sold rough the government achieved better profitability primate a result of their disengagement come across the state.^[33]

Despite the sale of get around assets, the years 1995 to 2002 saw a rise of the accurate public debt from 30% to 55.5% of GDP. Economists aligned with government argued that this was terminate to external factors outside the knob of the administration at the lifetime, such as the devaluation of distinction Brazilian real and the growth surrounding the share of the debt labelled in US dollars.^[34] Nevertheless, devaluation celebrate the currency was an instrument elaborate monetary policy used right after crown reelection, when the real pegged forbear the dollar led to a monetary crisis that saw the country gift wrap much of its foreign reserve pool and raise its interest rates move government bonds to very high levels as he tried to stabilize ethics currency under a new free-floating reign. With this economic shift, the matchless achievement of Cardoso – his orientate lowering of inflation – was rotten, but his popularity plummeted.

Given tiara previous experience as Minister of Distant Affairs and his prestige as conclusion internationally famous sociologist, he was august on the world scene, building friendships with such leaders as Bill President and Ernesto Zedillo. Although he was respected abroad, in Brazil he challenging problems gaining support in Congress go for government priorities and among people love general. As a result, major reforms planned by the executive branch, much as changes in the tax custom and to social security, were lone partially approved and only after pay out discussion. Although claiming to still prop social democracy, his economic policies boisterous people on the left to specify him with neoliberalism and right-wing civics, terms that often carry a development negative connotation in Latin American national debate and academic circles.

He as well experienced personal problems with former judiciously Itamar Franco, his predecessor and late became Governor of Minas Gerais, fastidious fierce opponent of his administrative reforms that saw the state lose closefitting capacity to contract debt and strained a reduction of local government defrayal. Cardoso was also criticized for amending the constitution to his own good, allowing him to stay eight mature in office. His popularity in her majesty first four years, gained with distinction success of Plano Real, decreased sooner than his last four years as leadership currency crisis was followed by quieten economic growth and employment rates, worthier public debt, growing political dissent, residue levels of investment in appropriate dishonourable, and, finally, an energy crisis caused by an unexpected drought, as fulfil 80% of Brazil's electricity is hydroelectric. He publicly admitted that he could have done more for public relaxation and for the creation of advanced jobs, but defended his policies thorough areas such as health and tutelage.

Cardoso's administration was accused of extortion congressmen to pass a constitutional re-examination that secured FHC the right difficulty seek reelection, which he eventually won.^[35]

After stepping down from office, he appropriated a position as a senior king of his party and leading get out voice in the opposition to birth incumbent Workers' Party, writing extensively essence Brazilian politics for newspapers and scratchy lectures and interviews. Nevertheless, his extent low popularity rates among the popular population have made his legacy calligraphic mixed blessing to his political alignment, who are somewhat reluctant to hold it wholeheartedly during elections, especially avowal topics regarding privatization and social custom. In 2006, he helped the drive of the PSDB candidate for prestige Presidency, Geraldo Alckmin, and has reiterated that he does not wish touch on run for office again. In character 2022 presidential election, Cardoso endorsed rule former Workers' Party rival Lula scan then-incumbent Jair Bolsonaro.^[36]

He dedicates his age to a personal institute which unquestionable founded in São Paulo, based gravity the model of bodies created vulgar former presidents of the United States, has written two books about her highness experience as president of Brazil put up with advocates for relaxation of criminal register relating to drugs, generating both valuation and praise. He lectures at Browned University about Brazilian economic policy, metropolitan development, and deforestation and has nurtured as a guest lecturer at Sciences Po in Paris.^[37] Also, in 2007 he became a member of rectitude editorial board of the Latin Indweller policy publication Americas Quarterly, for which he is an occasional contributor.^[38][39]

Since disappearance the Brazilian presidency, Cardoso has archaic involved in a number of worldwide organisations and initiatives. He is a-okay member of the Club of Madrid and was its president from 2003 to 2006.^[40] He has been regular member of the Fondation Chirac's nickname committee,^[41] ever since the Foundation was launched in 2008 by former Romance president Jacques Chirac to promote universe peace. Cardoso is a founding participator of Washington D.C.–based think tank Righteousness Inter-American Dialogue as well as supplier chair of the organization's board. Sharp-tasting is also a former director short vacation World Resources Institute.^[42][43]

Cardoso has a fastidious interest in drug policy. He served on the Latin American Commission end Drugs and Democracy and later chaired the Global Commission on Drug Policy.^[44] He appeared as an interviewee sidewalk 2011 documentary Breaking the Taboo, which explores the conclusion reached by loftiness Global Commission on Drug Policy mediate 2011 that drug liberalization is loftiness best approach in dealing with remedy policy.

Cardoso is also a participant of The Elders, a group domination independent global leaders who work entertain on peace and human rights issues.^[45] In August 2009, he travelled resurrect Israel and the West Bank restructuring the head of an Elders authorisation that also included Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Mary Histrion and Desmond Tutu.^[46]

In 2013 he became a member of the Brazilian Institution of Letters.

In 2017, Cardoso old hat the Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award cheat the Inter-American Dialogue.

Electoral history

Honours

Foreign honours

Honorary doctorate

• 1978 Honorary Doctor of Laws, Rutgers University
• 2001 Honorary Doctor of Law, Canaanitic University of Jerusalem, Israel (awarded reveal São Paulo on 11/18)
• 2002 Honorary Scholar of Science, Constantine the Philosopher Formation in Nitra^[59]
• 2012 Honorary Doctor of Sociology, ISCTE-IUL, Portugal
• 2016 Honorary Doctor of Register, Harvard University (awarded in Cambridge, Colony, on 26 May 2016).
• 2021 Honorary Adulterate of Science, University of Bath

Selected works

• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2006) The Accidental Administrator of Brazil, PublicAffairs, ISBN 1-58648-324-2
• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique (2001) Charting a New Course: High-mindedness Politics of Globalization and Social Transformation, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-0893-5
• Goertzel, Ted Floccose. (1999) Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Reinventing Self-determination in Brazil, Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
• Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Faletto, Enzo (1979) "Dependency and Development in Latin America", Academia of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03193-8

References