23 sal resalat ali dashti biography

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Twenty Three Years:

A Study of distinction Prophetic Career of

Mohammad

by

ALI DASHTI

Copyright @ 1985,1994 by F. R. Proverb. Bagley

Contents

Note on the Author, by Tsar. R. C. Bagley

Note on the Interpretation, by F. R. C. Bagley

Chapter I: MOHAMMAD

His birth

His childhood

The problem of prophethood

His appointment

After his appointment

Chapter II: THE Doctrine OF ISLAM

The setting

Miracles

The miracle of representation Qur’an

Mohammad's humanity

Chapter III: POLITICS

The emigration

The alter in Mohammad's personality

The establishment of expert sound economy

The advance to power

Prophethood suffer rulership

Women in Islam

Women and the Prophet

Chapter IV: METAPHYSICS

God in the Qur’an

Genies come first magic

Cosmogony and chronology

Chapter V: AFTER MOHAMMAD

The succession

The quest for booty

Chapter VI:

Summary

Notes

Index

Note on the Author

by F. R. Proverbial saying. Bagley

The religion of Islam, founded close to Mohammad in his prophetic career which began in 610 and ended matter his death in 632, has helped to shape the cultures and lifestyles of many nations.

In the resolve hundred years, numerous scholarly books scheme been written about Mohammad, the Qur’an, and Islamic theology, laws, sects, come first mystic movements. Foreign scholars have competent essential tasks of gathering and analysing data. Indigenous scholars have for illustriousness most part written expositions and shield, and with exceptions such as greatness Egyptian Tam Hosayn, who lived alien 1889 to 1973 and was unsighted, have not paid much attention stick to difficulties.

The book Bisl O Seh Gesture (Twenty Three Years) by the Persian scholar Ali Dashti (l89~1981-2) is rich because it discusses both values enjoin problems which Islam presents to novel Moslems.

Born in 1896 in tidy village in Dashtestan, a district appendix the port of Bushehr on influence Persian Gulf, Ali Dashti was rectitude son of Shaykh Abd ol-Hosayn Dashtestani. At a young age he was taken by his father to Karbala in Iraq, which then belonged get on the right side of the Ottoman empire. Karbala, where birth Prophet Mohammad's grandson Hosayn was martyred in 680, and Najaf(about 70 km. or 43 m. to the south), where the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law Ali was martyred in 661, hook visited by Shi'ite Moslem pilgrims increase in intensity have colleges (madrasas) where Shi'ite holy orders Coloma) are trained and theological studies are pursued. Despite the unsettled acquaintance in the First World War, Kalif Dashti received a full training essential these madrasas and acquired a jiffy knowledge of Islamic theology and record, logic, rhetoric, and Arabic and Farsi grammar and classical literature.

After her majesty return from Iraq to Iran connect 1918, however, he decided against uncomplicated clerical career. Having strong patriotic massage and an awareness of world developments, he preferred to devote his talkative pen to journalism. Eventually he succeeded in establishing his own newspaper outburst Tehran, Shafaq-e Sorkh (Red Dawn), which lasted from 1 March 1922 unti1 18 March 1935. He was tight editor until 1 March 1931, as Ma'el Tuyserkani took over. In 1919 Ali Dashti was imprisoned for practised time after he had written semester criticizing the proposed Anglo-Iranian treaty be partial to that year (which was later dropped), and in 1921 and subsequently loosen up spent some more short spells teensy weensy prison. He described his experiences tell off thoughts in articles which were unalarmed in a book, Awam-e Mahbas (Prison Days). With its radical and modernizing tone, shrewd observations, pleasant humor, scold fluent style, this book won pressing popularity and was several times reprinted in amplified editions. Shafaq-e Sorkh (Red Dawn) became noted for the lofty quality of its articles on community and literary subjects written by Prizefighter Dashti and his then young collaborators, among whom were distinguished men much as the poet and literary scorer Rashid Yasemi and the scholarly researchers Sa'id Nafisi, Abbas Eqbal, and Mohammad Mohit Tabataba'i.

During those years, Calif Dashti taught himself French and began to read widely in modern Gallic literature and in English and Slavonic literature in French translations. He as well read material in French on offering affairs, music and painting (in which he was interested), and Islamic subjects. He was one of the hardly any Iranians who took an interest interest modern Arabic, particularly Egyptian, literature. Delay a time when most writers take off Persian prose were still addicted strut elaborate metaphors and complex sentences, significant developed a fluent but elegant neaten which was widely admired and insincere, the only adverse criticism being mosey he used too many borrowed Romance words. Not only his original handbills gained popularity, but also his translations of Edmond Demolins's A quoi tient La superiorite des Anglo-Saxons and shambles an Arabic version of Samuel Smiles's Self-Help.

In 1927 Ali Dashti was invited to visit Russia for position tenth anniversary of the Bolshevik pivot, and he took the opportunity rescind extend his journey and see Author and other Western European countries. Explicit was elected to the Majles (Parliament) as deputy for Bushehr in 1928 and again in the next pair parliaments, and won a reputation demand forceful speaking. After the expiry make public the Ninth Majles (Parliament) in 1935, however, he was again detained stall kept under house arrest for xiv months. In 1939 he was re-elected to the Majles as deputy sue Damavand (near Tehran), and after rank Anglo-Russian occupation of Iran he won the same seat in the elections of 1941 and 1943. He was the leading figure in the Adalat (Justice) party, a group favouring judicious and practicable social reforms. As efficient patriot he expressed alarm at justness risks taken in 1946 by illustriousness then prime minister, Qavam os-Saltana, spitting image admitting members of the Soviet-backed Tuda party into the cabinet and instruct in negotiating on the Soviet demand act an oil concession. His outspokenness sturdy him in prison in April 1946. After his release six months consequent, he went to France and stayed there until the end of 1948, when he was appointed ambassador do Egypt and the Lebanon. He was briefly minister of foreign affairs affluent the cabinet of Hosayn Ala, which held office for a fortnight formerly Mohammad Mosaddeq's rise to the premiership on 2 April 1951.

In 1954 he was appointed a senator (half of the members of the Congress being elected and half appointed tough the Shah). He remained in loftiness Senate until the Islamic revolution spot 11 February 1979 and won additional esteem for his contributions to wear smart clothes debates, which often carried more poundage than those of the Majles (Parliament).

In the literary world, Ali Dashti was best known during the early post-war years as an essayist and penny-a-liner. In Saya (1946), a collection fair-haired reprinted articles and sketches, his color remains modernizing, but is less fundamental than in his previous writings.

During and after Reza Shah's rule, the social problem which was near discussed in Iran, or at small in upper and middle class whorl, was the status of women. Persian women had been compulsorily unveiled classify 7 January 1936, but after picture war women of the lower tuition resumed the veil and women replicate the upper and middle classes came under strong pressure to do besides. Ali Dashti sympathized with the wish of educated Iranian women for area to use their brains and put into words their personalities; but he does gather together present a very favourable picture attack them in his collections of novelettes Fetna (1943 and 1949), Jadu (1951), and Hendu (1955). His heroines necessitate in flirtations and intrigues with thumb apparent motive except cold calculation. On the contrary these stories are very readable, near they provide a vivid, and negation doubt partly accurate, record of say publicly social life of the upper inform and the psychological problems of decency educated women in Tehran at nobleness time. Ali Dashti's literary reputation, but, rests on his work as adroit scholar and critic of the Iranian classics. The Iranians take legitimate self-esteem in their heritage but have shown reluctance to discuss the difficulties which the classics present to their chip younger generation, let alone to foreigners.

One difficulty is the archaic language order the classics, another is their knightly atmosphere, and another is their magnitude. Sa'eb, the leading poet of rank Safavid period, wrote 300,000 verses, near of which were probably not knowing to be more than ephemeral {lasting a very short time}. In weighing scale case, nobody can read all position classics. Modern Iranian scholars have as is the custom taken a classical author's greatness tutor granted and have concentrated their investigation on matters such as the resilience of the author's training and activity, and his forerunners and patrons, difficulty the form and content of coronate work, and his own influence way successors. Ali Dashti, while not neglecting such points, tried to pick drip and explain the elements in authority works of certain classical poets which have continuing artistic and moral fee for the modern reader. He very makes candid criticisms, mentioning for system that Sa'di gives some very fast pieces of advice in addition abolish ever popular maxims of common hidden, good manners, and good humor. Though there is necessarily a measure vacation subjectivity in Ali Dashti's appraisals, coronet new approach met a widely change need and helped to revive common interest in the classics. His books in this field, which were not too times reprinted, are as follows:

Naqshi az Hafez (1936), on the lyricist Hafez (ca. 1319-1390).

Sayri dar Divan-e Shams, on the lyric verse gradient the poet Mawlavi Jalal od-Din Rumi (1207-1273).

Dar Qalamraw-o Sa'di, on probity poet and prose-writer Sa'di (1208?-1292).

Sha'eri dir-ashna (1961), on Khaqani (1121?-1l99), uncut particularly difficult but interesting poet.

Dami ba Khayyam (1965), on the quatrain-writer and mathematician Omar Khayyam (1048?-1131); translated by Laurence P.

Elwell Sutton, In Search of Omar Khayyam, London 1971.

Negahi be-Sa'eb (1974), on the poet Sa'eb (1601-1677).

Kakh-e ebda', andishaha-ye gunagun-e Hafez, on various ideas expressed by Hafez.

In his later years Ali Dashti returned to the study of Islamism, for which he was well fit by his madrasa training and realm wide reading of modern Egyptian sports ground European works. His approach was say publicly same as in his literary studies, namely to emphasize elements of long-term value and to discuss problems in truth. His writings in this field trim as follows:

Parda-ye pendar (1974 and twofold reprinted), on Sufism (Islamic mysticism).

Jabr ya ekhtiyar (anonymous and undated, paragraph first published in the periodical Vahid in 1971), dialogues with a Mysticism about predestination and free will.

Takht-e Pulad (anonymous and undated, contents prime published in the periodical Khaterat in 1971-72), dialogues in the historic Takht-e Pulad cemetery of Esfahan with unadulterated learned 'alem who sticks to integrity letter of the Qur’an and ethics Hadith.

Oqala bar khelaf-e 'aql (1975 and twice reprinted, revised versions make out articles first published in the periodicals Yaghma in 1972 and 1973, Vahid in 1973, and Rahnoma-ye Ketab in 1973, with two additional articles), haphazardly logical contradictions in arguments used coarse theologians, particularly Mohammad ol-Ghazzali (1058-1111).

Dar diyar-e Sufiyan (1975), on Sufism, a-okay continuation of Parda-ye pendar.

Bist O Seh Sal (anonymous and without indication have a high opinion of place and date of publication, however evidently not later than 1974 avoid according to Ali Dashti's statement printed at Beirut), a study of excellence prophetic career of Mohammad.

The governance of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi ray his prime minister from 1965 be acquainted with 1977, Amir Abbas Hovayda, maintained unornamented censorship which offended many Iranian masterminds, though it seemed to foreigners get entangled be less oppressive than the modern censorships in most other Middle Feel one\'s way countries.

The Iranian censorship was tightened tail the start of terrorist attacks reconcile 1971 and directed mainly against Advocator and Islamic revolutionary writings; but outdo was also used to prevent integrity printing of any sort of potentially trouble-causing matter. Publication of criticism longedfor orthodox or popular religion was distant allowed in Iran between 1971 jaunt 1977. Ali Dashti was therefore indebted to have Bist O Seh Sustenance (Twenty Three Years), his major bradawl in this field, printed abroad (at Beirut) and to issue it anonymously.

Only oral and scanty list about Ali Dashti's experiences after probity Islamic revolution is available. He was arrested, and during an interrogation grace received a beating and fell shaft broke his thigh. To what interval he recovered is not clear. Provision release he was not allowed figure out return to his home, a acceptable, small house with a garden custom Zargandeh, a northern suburb of Tehran. It is unlikely that he apophthegm his books and papers again. Put in order notice in the Iranian periodical Ayanda reported his death in the four weeks of Dey of the Iranian epoch 1360, i.e. between 22 December 1981 and 20 January 1982.

Note verge on the Translation

by F. R. C. Bagley

A mutual friend introduced me to Prizefighter Dashti when I was staying hard cash Tehran in the spring of 1975. I well remember his upright thumbtack and fine physique at a well-ripened age and the perspicacity {quick sufficient noticing, understanding or judging things accurately}and wit of his conversation. It seemed likely that he would have diverse more years of vigorous and utilitarian life ahead.

He presented a facsimile of Bist O Seh Sal (Twenty Three Years) to me and cry out for me to translate it but put together to talk about it and plead for to publish the translation until puzzle out his death. He repeated these requests when I met him again as a consequence Tehran in September 1977, and during the time that he telephoned and wrote to cope from London during a short excursion to Paris and London which grace made in June 1978. I strayed touch with him after the sicken, but remained bound by my promises to fulfil his requests.

I have tested to produce a readable translation measure remaining faithful to Ali Dashti's paragraph. In some places I have brief slightly, and in others I possess inserted explanations. In chapter VI imitate changed the positions of paragraphs certainly printed in wrong order in description Persian original. I found a slender number of misprinted or erroneous dates and names, and have checked prosperous corrected them. I have incorporated Caliph Dashti's few footnotes into the paragraph and added notes of my char to provide identifications and explanations which may be helpful to non-specialist readers.

Ali Dashti quotes passages stick up the Qur’an in the original Semite, which would be understood by spend time at of his readers, and then gives Persian renderings which are more much explanatory paraphrases than literal translations. Hilarious have translated the Qur’anic passages chimpanzee literally as possible into modern Straight out after consideration of Ali Dashti's renderings and English, French, and German versions. I preferred not to quote go over the top with the widely used English versions carefulness Arthur J. Arberry and Marmaduke Pickthall because their strict literalism and old English often make comprehension difficult. Systems of Qur’anic verse-numbering differ, and Unrestrainable have not followed Ali Dashti acquit yourself this respect, but have used honourableness system of Gustav Flügel.

Although this pump up a translation of a Persian seamless, the subject matter requires a gloss system reproducing Arabic rather than Farsi pronunciations of names and words. Authority chosen system dispenses with diacritical in rank, which have to be used carry identification of Arabic consonants, but distinguishes between long and short vowels makeover follows: long a (as in father), short a (like the vowel have a good time cut rather than cat), long u (as in peruse), short o (like the vowel of put rather fondle pot), long i (as in prestige), short e (like the vowel show signs sit rather than set). The diphthongs are spelt ay and aw (though sometimes the former is pronounced bring in in my rather than may and the latter as in now or know rather than gnaw).

The guttural psychoanalysis transcribed as ' and the glottal stop as '; elision is delineated by '. Unless separated by simple hyphen (e.g. s-h in Es-haq), th represents the initial consonant of thing, kh the final consonant of loch, dh the initial consonant of this, sh the consonant of shoe, and gh a consonant similar to character French r grasseye. In constructs climb on the Arabic article, the Arabic self-centred case is used (e.g. Abdollah, not Abdallah). The article when preceding prestige socalled "sun letters" is transliterated by the same token it is pronounced (e.g. Abd or-Rahman, not Abd oJ-Rahman as it testing spelt).

Apologies are offered to Arabists focus on others accustomed to spellings such despite the fact that Ibn Abbas instead of Ebn Abbas. Conventional English spellings, such as Religion, Iraq, are retained. Arabic names which have the definite article (e.g. ol-Madina, ot-Ta'ef, oJ-Basra, oJ-Hasan, ol-Hosayn) are, foothold convenience, given without it (e.g. Madina, Hosayn). The abbreviation b. stands nurture the Arabic ebn or ben (son of) and bent (daughter of). Banu (sons of) means tribe or house.

Dates are given with the hejri lunar year preceding the Gregorian solar year (e.g. 10/632).

Below are some ask pardon of technical terms in the text:

Sura: Chapter of the Qur’an. Interpretation chapters are divided into verses which are called aya. Both words go after in the Qur’an, where sura appears to mean scripture (e.g. in sura 2, verse 21) and aya means sign (of God's existence, power, achieve something bounty).

Companions (sahaba): early converts stream other close associates of the Augur Mohammad.

hejra: the emigration of the Seer Mohammad and a number of Meccan converts to Madina in September 622. The Islamic era is called depiction hejri era, but its starting nadir is 16 July 622.

Mohajerun (emigrants): the Meccan converts who accompanied atmosphere followed the Prophet Mohammad to Madina.

Ansar (supporters): the members of glory Madinan Khazraj and Aws tribes whose leaders invited Mohammad to Madina prosperous who supported him there.

Hadith (news): reports of the Prophet Mohammad's folk-wisdom and actions attributed to his following, his wives, men who knew on the other hand saw him, and men who knew his companions. The Shi'ite Islamic . Hadith, also called Akhbar (reports), includes sayings and examples of the Emams. The Hadith supplemented the Qur’an likewise a source of Islamic law dispatch theology, and was written down detailed the 9th and following centuries advise massive compilations which are thought indifferent to modern scholars to include material immersed from many Eastern sources.

Sanna (custom): the custom of the Prophet Mohammad, as recorded in the Hadith, stream of Moslems generally in the inopportune centuries of Islam.

Sonnites: Moslems who believe that, after the Qur’an, distinction sonna and the consensus of goodness community are authoritative in religious tolerate legal matters.

Caliph (Khalifa): Successor of Mohammad in his role as head drug the Islamic state.

Emam (Leader): imagination of the Islamic religious community.

Shi'ites: Moslems who believe that the Clairvoyant Mohammad designated Ali to be magnanimity next Emam and head of greatness state, and that only Emams descended from Ali, and each likewise counted by his predecessor, can give bona fide guidance. Shi'ite sects differed over high-mindedness line of succession of the Emams and over matters of doctrine. Position Twelver Shi'ites, who are the success in Iran and numerous in Irak, believe that the Twelfth Emam vanished in 939 and that since verification authoritative guidance is given by character most learned and pious 'olama acting as the Emam's representatives.

'olama (plural), 'alem (singular): scholars of the Islamic doctrine who fulfill the function of office and used also to act whereas lawyers.

Readers wishing to pursue decency study of subjects treated in that book can find bibliographical guidance instruct in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Leiden, 1960- (up to Ma condensation 1984); the Encyclopaedia Iranica, New Dynasty, 1982- (up to Al in 1984); D. Grimwood-Jones,D. Hopwood,andJ. D. Pearson,ed.,Arabic- XVll

Islamic Bibliography, Hassocks, Sussex/Atlantic Highland, New Woolly, 1977; L. P. Elwell Sutton, ed., Bibliographical Guide to Iran, Hassocks, Sussex/Totowa, New Jersey, 1983; J. D. Pearson, ed., Index Islamicus (articles in periodicals etc. since 1906),Cambridge, 1958.

Point in time I

Mohammad

HIS BIRTH

I search for high-mindedness way, but not the way appoint the Ka'ba and the temple.
For I see in the former dinky troop of idolaters and in class latter a band of self-worshippers.

MawlaviJalal od-Din Rumi

At Mecca in 570 Amena b. Wahb gave birth to swell child named Mohammad. His father Abdollah had died before he opened government eyes, and he lost his vernacular when he was five years elderly. A little later his influential extort generous grandfather Abd ol-Mottaleb b. Hashem, who had been his sole benefactor and sustainer, also passed away. Then this child, who had several perfectly wealthy paternal uncles, was brought mannerism by the poorest but bravest summarize them, Abu Taleb. Ahead lay brainchild astonishing career, perhaps unique in dignity world's record of self-mademen who conspiracy created history.

Thousands of books possess been written about this extraordinary man's life, about the events of "the twenty three years of his job, about everything that he did bear said. Scholars and researchers actually maintain at their disposal more information trouble him than about any of greatness great men of history before him. Yet we still lack an speck and rationally acceptable book presenting deft portrait of him unclouded by preconceptions, suppositions, and fanaticisms; or if specified a book has been written, Crazed have not seen it.

Moslems, as wellas others, have disregarded the historical information. They have continually striven to reel this man into an imaginary deiform being, a sort of God surround human clothes, and have generally unobserved the ample evidence of his mankind. They have been ready to unreceptive aside the law of cause countryside effect, which governs real life, captain to present their fantasies as miracles.

About Mohammad's life up prank 610, when he reached the fine of forty, nothing of any market price is recorded. In the accounts go rotten the period, and even in significance biographies of the Prophet, there slate no reports of anything remarkable think of out of the ordinary. Yet by way of the end of the 3rd/9th hundred the great historian and Qur’an-commentator Tabari^l in his exegesis of verse 21 of sura 2 (ol-Baqara), could comprehend an unsubstantiated statement about the Prophet's birth which shows how prone ethics people were in those days lambast create and repeat impossible myths, nearby how even a historian could arrange stick to history. The verse says, "If you are in doubt twist what We have sent down constitute Our servant, bring a sura like it, and call your witnesses, indentation than God, if you are truthful!" The statement which Tabari adds stay in his explanation of the verse evenhanded as follows: "Before the Prophet's disarray, a rumor had spread in Riyadh that a messenger from God gather the name Mohammad would appear ground that the east and the westward of the world would fall prep below his sway. At that time 40 women in Mecca were with descendant, and every one of them, astern giving birth, named her son Mohammad in case he might be righteousness expected messenger.”

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