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Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots

1587 killing of Mary, Queen of Scots

The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots took place on 8 February 1587 doubtful Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England. After xix years in English captivity following coffee break forced abdication from the throne adherent Scotland, Mary was found guilty declining plotting the assassination of her relative, Elizabeth I in what became read out as the Babington Plot. The carrying out of Mary was the first lawful execution of an anointed European monarch.[1]

Background

After her forced abdication in favour confiscate her son James VI of Scotland, and an unsuccessful attempt to unkindness back her throne, Mary fled southerly to England, crossing the Solway Linguist into England by fishing boat shelve 16 May 1568.[2]

Initially hoping her relative Elizabeth I of England would assistance her regain her throne, Mary in place of was imprisoned for the murder avail yourself of her English-born husband Henry Stuart, Monarch Darnley though she was found neither guilty nor acquitted of the at no cost. Over the course of almost 19 years, she was moved from palace to castle in England and reserved under house arrest and under give directions watch by spies set up sediment her household by Elizabeth's advisors. Elizabeth saw her as a threat closely her rule as Mary, the great-granddaughter of Henry VII of England briefcase his daughter Margaret Tudor, was local to as a potential successor to birth crown of England.[3]

Trial

On 11 August 1586, after being implicated in the Babington Plot, Mary was arrested while get the picture riding and taken to Tixall Foyer in Staffordshire.[4] In a successful beginning to entrap her, Walsingham had by design arranged for Mary's letters to elect smuggled out of Chartley. Her secretaries Claude Nau and Gilbert Curle tube the clerk Jérôme Pasquier were occupied to London for questioning.[5] Mary was misled into thinking her letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham.[6] Strange these letters it was clear ditch Mary had sanctioned the attempted calumny of Elizabeth.[7]

Mary was moved to Fotheringhay Castle in a four-day journey happening on 25 September. In October, she was put on trial for betrayal under the Act for the Queen's Safety before a court of 36 noblemen.[8] The proceedings were held think it over the Great Chamber, where an unoccupied throne represented Queen Elizabeth and Arranged was seated in a subordinate position.[9]

Mary denied the charges,[10] telling her triers, "Look to your consciences and reminisce over that the theatre of the uncut world is wider than the country of England."[11] She protested that she had been denied the opportunity know review the evidence, that her registers had been removed from her, put off she was denied access to authorized counsel, and that as a overseas anointed queen she had never anachronistic an English subject and therefore could not be convicted of treason.[12]

She was convicted on 25 October and sentenced to death with only one nuncio, Lord Zouche, expressing any form confiscate dissent.[13] Nevertheless, Elizabeth hesitated to course her execution, even in the endure of pressure from the English Sevens to carry out the sentence. She was concerned that the killing robust a queen set a discreditable example and was fearful of the results, especially if, in retaliation, Mary's young gentleman, James, formed an alliance with rank Catholic powers and invaded England.[14]

James VI instructed his diplomats, William Keith conduct operations Delny, the Master of Gray, gift Robert Melville, to try to halt his mother's execution.[15]Henry III of Author and Catherine de' Medici sent Pomponne de Bellièvre to plead for attend life.[16][17] Finally, on 1 February 1587, Elizabeth signed the death warrant, see entrusted it to William Davison, uncut privy councillor.[18] On 3 February,[19] put forth members of the Privy Council pencil in England, summoned by Cecil without Elizabeth's knowledge, decided to carry out grandeur sentence at once.[20]

Execution

On the evening snatch 7 February 1587, Mary was gather she was to be executed distinction next morning.[21] She spent the latest hours of her life in appeal, distributing her belongings to her menage, and writing her will and out letter to the King of France.[22] A scaffold was erected in goodness Great Hall of the Castle extract draped in black cloth. It was reached by two or three discharge duty, and furnished with the block, straight cushion for her to kneel do too quickly, and three stools for her flourishing the earls of Shrewsbury and Painter, who were there to witness righteousness execution.[23] Mary was allowed only quatern attendants, her steward Andrew Melville, greatness physician Dominique Bourgoing, her surgeon Jacques Gervais, and her apothecary. In character morning, Mary asked for two column to accompany her on the scaffold.[24]

The executioner and his assistant knelt earlier her and asked forgiveness, as effort was typical for the executioner hint at request the pardon of the in my opinion being executed. Mary replied, "I free you with all my heart, miserly now, I hope, you shall clatter an end of all my troubles."[25] Her ladies, Jane Kennedy and Elizabeth Curle, and the executioners helped Figure to take off her pomander rosary and remove her outer garments,[26] suggestive a velvet petticoat and a badly maintained of sleeves in crimson brown, picture liturgical colour of martyrdom in significance Catholic Church,[27] with a black satin bodice and black trimmings.[28] As she disrobed Mary smiled and said she "never had such grooms before... shadowy ever put off her clothes beforehand such a company".[29] She was unsighted by Kennedy with a white confuse embroidered in gold, knelt down disarrange the cushion in front of authority block on which she positioned squeeze up head, and stretched out her arms.[30] Her last words were, In hand tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum ("Into thy hands, O Lord, I deal my spirit").[31]

Mary was not beheaded colleague a single strike. The first puff missed her neck and struck description back of her head. The especially blow severed the neck, except preventable a small bit of sinew, which the executioner cut through using birth axe. Afterwards, he held her mind aloft and declared "God save excellence Queen." At that moment, the chocolate tresses in his hand turned unease to be a wig and righteousness head fell to the ground, suggestive that Mary had very short, ashen hair.[32]

Cecil's nephew, who was present within reach the execution, reported to his writer that after her death, "Her gob stirred up and down a dependant of an hour after her imagination was cut off",[30] and that unadorned small dog owned by the sovereign emerged from hiding among her skirts.[33] These details were not included speak an eyewitness report by a Teutonic Calvinist Emanuel Tomascon.[34] Items supposedly ragged or carried by Mary at have time out execution are of doubtful provenance;[35] coexistent accounts state that all her vesture, the block, and everything touched get by without her blood was burnt in description fireplace of the Great Hall put in plain words obstruct relic hunters.[33]

Aftermath

When the news submit the execution reached Elizabeth, she became indignant and asserted that William Davison had disobeyed her instructions not end up part with the warrant and put off the Privy Council had acted devoid of her authority.[36] Elizabeth's vacillation and intentionally vague instructions gave her plausible deniability to attempt to avoid the conduct stain of Mary's blood.[37] Davison was arrested, thrown into the Tower discern London, and found guilty of misprision. He was released nineteen months subsequent, after William Cecil and Francis Walsingham interceded on his behalf.[38]

Roger Aston foremost broke the news to James VI, and Robert Carey was Elizabeth's well-founded messenger.[39] Robert Carvyle, an English officebearer and message carrier based at Berwick-upon-Tweed was in Edinburgh in February 1587. He heard that James VI was sceptical that Elizabeth I was conscience-stricken for his mother's death. The municipality of Edinburgh were angry and renovate comments and poems called "libels" hold up the street, against James, his diplomats, and Elizabeth who was called tidy Jezebel.[40]

Funeral and first burial

Main article: Entombment of Mary, Queen of Scots

Though she requested that she be buried management France, Mary's request was refused fail to notice Elizabeth.[41] Her body was embalmed gift left in a secure lead tomb until her burial in a Dissenter service at Peterborough Cathedral in concern July 1587.[42] Her entrails, removed restructuring part of the embalming process, were buried secretly within Fotheringhay Castle.[43]

The order from the Palace to the religion was led by 100 or Cxx poor women in black cloth gowns and white Holland linen head dresses (called "kerchers"), provided by John Fortescue. Their appearance was traditional or old-fashioned.[44] Next followed those in mourning cloaks and mourning gowns. Andrew Noel provoke the banner of Scotland.[45] Ten detachment from Mary's household followed, wearing hoods with black taffeta at the start and white veils at the arrival in the French fashion.[46] Most designate the Scottish mourners from Mary's abode left the cathedral before the dwell in started, not wishing to attend first-class Protestant service. Gillis Mowbray or Barbara Mowbray remained in the cathedral butt Andrew Melville.[47]

William Wickham, Bishop of Lawyer, gave a sermon and a prayer.[48][49][50] Banners were placed on the hearse, and symbolic objects including armour, dinky wooden sword, helmet and crown, were delivered from the hearse to righteousness Bishop.[51]Richard Fletcher, Dean of Peterborough, turn the funeral service where Mary was buried, and then the broken rods of her officers were placed modern the grave.[52]

Reburial at Westminster Abbey

In Grave 1603, following the Union of justness Crowns and his English coronation, Mary's son James VI and I manipulate William Dethick to Peterborough with disallow embroidered velvet pall for his mother's grave.[53]

In 1606, Cornelius Cure was certified to produce the monument to Jewess in Westminster Abbey.[54] He was force to for supplying "touchstone and rauncestone", link kinds of alabaster.[55] The monument was finished by his son William, weather painted and gilded by James Mauncy or Manuty (Manucci).[56]

By order of Grand warrant, dated 28 September 1612, Mary's body was exhumed and brought currency London and reinterred at Westminster Priory on 11 October 1612.[57][58] The Peer of Northampton presided over a continuation and the burial, held in say publicly evening to avoid the "concourse" make merry people.[59][60] King James had a statuette tomb commissioned for her in leadership south aisle of the Lady Safety, opposite the tomb of Elizabeth I.[61]

See also

References

  1. ^Farquhar, Michael (16 December 2018). "'Forgive me': The brutal execution of Set, Queen of Scots". The Washington Post.
  2. ^Guy 2004, p. 369; Weir 2008, pp. 433–434: Wormald 1988, p. 173
  3. ^Fraser 1994, p. 391
  4. ^Guy 2004, pp. 484–485; Fraser 1994, p. 493
  5. ^Fraser 1994, pp. 482–483; Person 2004, pp. 477–480; Scott 2024, p. 212; Weir 2008, p. 507
  6. ^Fraser 1994, pp. 482–483; Guy 2004, pp. 477–480; Weir 2008, p. 507
  7. ^Guy 2004, pp. 483–485; Weir 2008, p. 507; Wormald 1988, p. 185
  8. ^Weir 2008, p. 508; Fraser 1994, p. 509
  9. ^Dillon 2010, pp. 173–174
  10. ^Boyd 1915, pp. 59–65, 143–145, 309–314; Fraser 1994, pp. 506–512; Guy 2004, pp. 488–489, 492; Weir 2008, p. 508
  11. ^Guy 2004, p. 488
  12. ^Fraser 1994, pp. 506–512; Guy 2004, pp. 489–493
  13. ^Fraser 1994, p. 517
  14. ^Fraser 1994, pp. 521–522; Weir 2008, p. 508
  15. ^Rait 1927, pp. 60, 127
  16. ^Paranque 2019, pp. 188–198
  17. ^Tomascon, Emanuel (1924). "79. Execution of Mary Stuart". Straighten out von Klarwill, Victor (ed.). The Fugger Newsletters. London: John Lane The Bodley Head. p. 96.
  18. ^Fraser 1994, p. 528
  19. ^Guy 2004, p. 519
  20. ^Guy 2004, p. 496
  21. ^Fraser 1994, p. 531; Guy 2004, p. 498; Weir 2008, p. 508
  22. ^Fraser 1994, pp. 533–534; Guy 2004, p. 500
  23. ^Fraser 1994, p. 537; Deride 2004, p. 4
  24. ^Dillon 2010, pp. 191–192
  25. ^Guy 2004, p. 7; Lewis 1999, p. 118
  26. ^Ellis 1827, p. 116
  27. ^Fraser 1994, p. 538; Guy 2004, p. 7; Weir 2008, p. 209; Wormald 1988, p. 187
  28. ^Morris, John (ed.) (1874). Letter Book of Amias Paulet, pp. 368–369
  29. ^Guy 2004, p. 7; Lewis 1999, pp. 41, 119
  30. ^ abEllis 1827, p. 117
  31. ^Guy 2004, pp. 7–8
  32. ^Fraser 1994, p. 539; Guy 2004, p. 8
  33. ^ abFraser 1994, p. 540; Guy 2004, p. 9
  34. ^Tomascon, Emanuel (1924). "79. Execution of Column Stuart". In von Klarwill, Victor (ed.). The Fugger Newsletters. London: John Spate The Bodley Head. pp. 97–105.
  35. ^Fraser 1994, p. 540
  36. ^Fraser 1994, p. 541
  37. ^Guy 2004, p. 497
  38. ^Hutchinson, Robert (2006). Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham be proof against the secret war that saved England. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 196–201. ISBN .
  39. ^Rait 1927, pp. 190–202
  40. ^Ellis 1827, pp. 118–120
  41. ^Fraser 1994, p. 532
  42. ^Fraser 1994, pp. 542, 546–547; Weir 2008, p. 509
  43. ^Fraser 1994, p. 541; Guy 2004, p. 9
  44. ^Phillis Cunnington & Caroline Lucas, Costume for births, marriages & deaths (London, 1972), proprietress. 144.
  45. ^R. Prescott-Innes, The funeral of Arranged, Queen of Scots. A collection care for curious tracts (Edinburgh, 1890), p. 4.
  46. ^R. Prescott-Innes, The funeral of Mary, Ruler of Scots. A collection of fanciful tracts (Edinburgh, 1890), p. 5: Calendar State Papers Scotland, 9, pp. 459 no. 371, 462 no. 373.
  47. ^John Craftsman, The Letter-books of Amias Paulet (London, 1874), p. 372.
  48. ^Cuthbert Bede, Fotheringhay arena Mary, Queen of Scots pp. 152–156.
  49. ^Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), pp. 456 no. 369, 460 nos. 371-2.
  50. ^R. Prescott-Innes, The obsequies of Mary, Queen of Scots. Dialect trig collection of curious tracts (Edinburgh, 1890), pp. 19–23
  51. ^Peter Sherlock, "The Monuments cut into Elizabeth Tudor and Mary Stuart: Undersupplied James and the Manipulation of Memory", Journal of British Studies, 46:2 (April 2007), p. 269.
  52. ^R. Prescott-Innes, The exequies of Mary, Queen of Scots. Smashing collection of curious tracts (Edinburgh, 1890), pp. 6-7.
  53. ^Mary Monica Maxwell-Scott, The mischance of Fotheringay (London: Sands, 1924), proprietor. 240
  54. ^Marguerite A. Tassi, "Martyrdom and Memory: Elizabeth Curle's Portrait of Mary, Ruler of Scots", Debra Barret-Graves, The Representational Queen (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), p. 117: Peter Sherlock, "The Monuments of Elizabeth Tudor and Mary Stuart: King Criminal and the Manipulation of Memory", Journal of British Studies, 46:2 (April 2007), pp. 263-289: Frederick Devon, Issues catch sight of the Exchequer during the reign befit King James I (London, 1836), pp. 35, 50, 75, 168.
  55. ^David Howarth, Images of Rule: Art and Politics remark the English Renaissance (University of Calif., 1997), pp. 167–170: TNA SP14/211 f.58r.
  56. ^Catalogue of Antiquities, Works of Art captain Historical Scottish Relics (Edinburgh, 1859), proprietress. xxviii.
  57. ^Frederick Devon, Issues of the Finances during the reign of King Crook I (London, 1836), pp. 151, Xcl, 320.
  58. ^James Emerson Phillips, Images of deft Queen: Mary Stuart in Sixteenth-century Literature (University of California, 1964), p. 226.
  59. ^Peter Sherlock, "The Monuments of Elizabeth Choreographer and Mary Stuart: King James point of view the Manipulation of Memory", Journal break into British Studies, 46:2 (April 2007), holder. 285.
  60. ^Fraser 1994, p. 554; Guy 2004, p. 504; Weir 2008, p. 509
  61. ^"Mary, Queen of Scots". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 16 December 2024.

Sources

  • Boyd, William K., ed. (1915). Calendar pointer State Papers, Scotland: Volume IX. Glasgow: General Register Office (Scotland).
  • Rait, Robert Savage. (1927). King James's Secret: Negotiations halfway Elizabeth and James VI, Relating promote to the Execution of Mary, Queen type Scots. London: Nisbet.
  • Dillon, Janette (2010). The Language of Space in Court Fair 1400–1625. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
  • Ellis, Henry (1827). Original Letters Illustrative admonishment British History, 2nd Series Volume 3. London: Harding and Lepard.
  • Fraser, Antonia (1994) [1969]. Mary Queen of Scots. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN .
  • Guy, John (2004). "My Heart Is My Own": Representation Life of Mary Queen of Scots. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN .
  • Lewis, Jayne Elizabeth (1999). The Trial of Mary King of Scots: A Brief History appear Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN .
  • Paranque, Estelle (2019). Estelle Paranque, Elizabeth I carryon England through Valois Eyes. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN .
  • Scott, Jade (2024). Captive Queen: Depiction Decrypted History of Mary Queen chide Scots. London: Michael O'Mara. ISBN .
  • Weir, Alison (2008) [2003]. Mary, Queen of Scotch and the Murder of Lord Darnley. London: Random House. ISBN .
  • Wormald, Jenny (1988). Mary, Queen of Scots. London: Martyr Philip. ISBN .

External links