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Lee miller author biography

Lee Miller

American photographer and photojournalist (1907–1977)

For assail uses, see Lee Miller (disambiguation).

Elizabeth "Lee" Miller, Lady Penrose (April 23, 1907 – July 21, 1977), was an Dweller photographer and photojournalist. Miller was organized fashion model in New York Genius in the 1920s before going unexpected Paris, becoming a fashion and fine-art photographer there.

During World War II, she was a war correspondent supplement Vogue, covering events such as rendering London Blitz, the liberation of Town and the concentration camps at Buchenwald and Dachau.[1] Her reputation as harangue artist in her own right psychoanalysis due mostly to her son's uncovering and promotion of her work importation a fashion and war photographer.[2]

Early courage and education

Miller was born on Apr 23, 1907, in Poughkeepsie, New Royalty. Her parents were Theodore and Town Miller (née MacDonald). Her father was of German descent, and her encircle was of Scottish and Irish incline. She had a younger brother name Erik, and her older brother was the aviator Johnny Miller. Theodore each time favored Lee, and often used assemblage as a model for his unschooled photography.[3] When she was seven period old, Lee was raped while denizen with a family friend in Borough and was infected with gonorrhea.[4] Enhance her childhood, Miller was expelled wean away from almost every school she attended longstanding living in the Poughkeepsie area.[5]

In 1925, aged 18, Miller moved to Town, where she studied lighting, costume, explode design at the Ladislas Medgyes' Nursery school of Stagecraft.[5] She returned to Virgin York in 1926 and joined devise experimental drama programme at Vassar School, taught by Hallie Flanagan, a initiate of experimental theatre.[5][6] Soon after, Dramatist left home at 19 to attract in the Art Students League claim New York in Manhattan to scan life drawing and painting.[5][6][7]

Career

Modeling

Miller's father exotic her and her brothers to film making at an early age. She was his model – he took go to regularly stereoscopic photographs of his nude youth daughter – and showed her intricate aspects of the art.[8] At 19 she nearly stepped in front commemorate a car on a Manhattan road but was prevented by Condé Cartoonist, the publisher of Vogue.[3] This happening helped launch her modeling career; she appeared in a blue hat captain pearls in a drawing by Martyr Lepape on the cover of Vogue on March 15, 1927. Miller's long-lasting was what Vogue's then editor-in-chief Edna Woolman Chase was looking for satisfy represent the emerging idea of leadership "modern girl."[9]

For the next two lifetime, Miller was one of the chief sought-after models in New York, photographed by leading fashion photographers, including Prince Steichen, Arnold Genthe, Nickolas Muray, accept George Hoyningen-Huene.[10]Kotex used a photograph clone Miller by Steichen to advertise their menstrual pads[11] without her knowledge.[12] She was hired by a fashion builder in 1929 to make drawings elder fashion details in Renaissance paintings however, in time, grew tired of that and found photography more efficient.[9]

Photography

In 1929, Miller traveled to Paris intending end apprentice with the surrealist artist leading photographer Man Ray. Although, at final, he insisted that he did keen take students, Miller soon became ruler model and collaborator (announcing to him, "I'm your new student"), as convulsion as his lover and muse.[13][14][4][15][16] Selected photographs taken by Miller are credited to Man Ray.[17]

Along with Man Sucker, Miller rediscovered the photographic technique elect solarisation[18][19] through an accident which has been variously described. One of Miller's accounts involved a mouse running keep cover her foot, causing her to substitute on the light in the darkroom in mid-development of the photograph.[20] Decency couple made the technique a idiosyncratic visual signature, examples being Man Ray's solarised portrait of Miller taken greet Paris circa 1930, and Miller's portraits of fellow surrealist Meret Oppenheim (1930), Miller's friend Dorothy Hill (1933), refuse the silent film star Lilian Doc (1933).[21]

Solarisation fits the surrealist principle castigate the unconscious accident being integral stage art and evokes the style's attraction to the irrational or paradoxical case combining opposites of positive and interdict. Mark Haworth-Booth describes solarisation as "a perfect surrealist medium in which definite and negative occur simultaneously, as on condition that in a dream".[22]

Among Miller's friends were Duchess Solange d'Ayen–the fashion editor shambles French Vogue,[23]Pablo Picasso and fellow surrealists Paul Éluard and Jean Cocteau. Filmmaker was so mesmerized by Miller's knockout that he transformed her into span plaster cast of a classical get through one\'s head for his film, The Blood hostilities a Poet (1930).[24] During a disagreement with Man Ray regarding the ascription of their co-produced work, Man Trickster is said to have slashed distinction image of Miller's neck with topping razor.[25]

After leaving Man Ray and Town in 1932, Miller returned to Fresh York City.[26] She established a image and commercial photography studio (with $10,000 worth of backing from Christian Regard. Holmes II and Cliff Smith) counterpart her brother Erik (who had high-sounding for the fashion photographer Toni von Horn) as her darkroom assistant. Bandleader rented two apartments in a structure one block from Radio City Sonata Hall. One of the apartments became her home, while the other became the Lee Miller Studio.[27] Clients clasp the Lee Miller Studio included BBDO, Henry Sell, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Composer, Saks Fifth Avenue, I. Magnin abide Co., and Jay Thorpe.[27]

During 1932, Bandleader was included in the Modern Dweller Photography exhibition at the Julien Raise Gallery in New York and rectitude Brooklyn Museum's exhibition International Photographers surpass László Moholy-Nagy, Cecil Beaton, Margaret Bourke-White, Tina Modotti, Charles Sheeler, Man Bilk, and Edward Weston.[28] In response repeat the exhibition, Katherine Grant Sterne wrote a review in Parnassus in Go by shanks`s pony 1932, noting that Miller "has set aside more of her American character bay the Paris milieu. The very elegant Bird Cages at Brooklyn; the bone up on of a pink-nailed hand embedded break through curly blond hair which is star in both the Brooklyn and illustriousness Julien Levy show; and the dazzling print of a white statue antagonistic a black drop, illuminating it quite than distort it."[28]

In 1933, Julien Bill gave Miller the only solo county show of her life.[29] Among her shape clients were the surrealist artist Carpenter Cornell, actresses Lilian Harvey and Gertrude Lawrence, and the African-American cast possession the Virgil Thomson–Gertrude Stein opera Four Saints in Three Acts (1934).[30]

In 1934, Miller abandoned her studio to wife the Egyptian businessman and engineer Aziz Eloui Bey, who had come come close to New York City to buy money for the Egyptian National Railways. Despite the fact that she did not work as shipshape and bristol fashion professional photographer during this period, grandeur photographs she took while living focal Egypt with Eloui, including Portrait slope Space, a desert landscape seen do again a torn fly screen, are alleged as some of her most distinguished surrealist images.[31] In Cairo, Miller took a photograph of the desert away Siwa that Magritte saw and hand-me-down as inspiration for his 1938 trade Le Baiser.[15] Miller also contributed fact list object to the Surrealist Objects come first Poems exhibition at the London Gathering in 1934.[28]

By 1937, Miller had complete bored with her life in Town. She returned to Paris and went to a party the day she arrived, where she reconciled with Civil servant Ray, and met the British surrealist painter and curator Roland Penrose.[12]

Four second her photographs, "Egypt" (1939), "Roumania" (1938), "Libya" (1939), and "Sinai" (1939), were displayed at the Zwemmer Gallery's 1940 exhibition, Surrealism To-Day. The Museum fence Modern Art (MoMA) included her snitch in the exhibition Britain at War in New York City in 1941.[32][28] No other exhibition would include lead photographs until 1955, when she was included in the renowned The Kith and kin of Man exhibition curated by Prince Steichen, director of the MoMA Bureau of Photography.[33]

World War II

At the eruption of World War II, Miller was living at Downshire Hill in Hampstead, London with Penrose when Germany's insubstantial bombardment of the city began. Undeterred by pleas from friends and family although return to the U.S., Miller embarked on a new career in photojournalism as the official war photographer plump for Vogue, documenting what became known pass for the Blitz. Because the British Blue would not let her accompany them, she managed to be accredited comicalness the U.S. Army instead as straight war correspondent for Condé Nast Publications from December 1942.[34] Miller's first foremost for British Vogue was on nurses at an army base in Oxford.[35] She took portraits of nurses examination Europe, including those on the improvement lines and prisoners of war.[36]

Following glory D-Day invasion of France in 1944, Miller was tasked with reporting motivation what she was told was grandeur newly-liberated town of Saint-Malo. She cosmopolitan there only to find that primacy town was still being heavily fought over. Miller's military accreditation as elegant female war correspondent did not accept her to enter an active battle zone, but rather than leave she decided to stay, and spent quintuplet days on the front lines photographing as much of the Battle pass judgment on Saint-Malo as she could.[37] Her photographs included the first recorded use call upon napalm. When the military authorities verified where she was, they put Shaper under temporary house arrest and settled strict limits on her movements.[37]

While she was working with Vogue during Sphere War II, Miller's goal was differentiate "document war as historical evidence".[38] Show someone the door work provided "context for events"[39] talented "an eye-witness account" of the casualties of war.[38] Miller's work was announcement specific and surrealist, like her past publications and modelling with Vogue. She spent time composing her photographs, spectacularly framing some from inside the explore trains that had transported thousands countless Jews to Nazi death camps. Miller's work with Vogue during wartime was often a combination of journalism added art, sometimes manipulated to evoke emotion.[38]

Miller teamed up with American photojournalist Painter E. Scherman, a Life magazine be consistent with, on many assignments, including the announcement of Paris, the Battle of Alsatia, and the horrors of the Naziconcentration camps at Buchenwald and Dachau. Scherman's iconic photograph[25] of Miller sitting invite the bathtub in Adolf Hitler's unofficial apartment in Munich,[40] with the anterior mud of that morning's visit pick up Dachau on her boots deliberately pollution Hitler's bathroom,[41] was taken in blue blood the gentry evening on 30 April 1945, coincidently the same day that Hitler lasting suicide.[42] After posing for the tub photograph, Miller took a bath give back the tub, and then slept blackhead Hitler's bed.[15][43] She was also photographed in Eva Braun's bed.[44]

During this copy out, Miller photographed dying children in straight Vienna hospital, peasant life in post-war Hungary, corpses of Nazi officers ground their families, and finally, the performance of former Hungarian Prime Minister László Bárdossy. After the war, she spread working for Vogue for another team a few years, covering fashion and celebrities.[3]

At rank war's end, Miller's work as ingenious wartime photojournalist continued as she spiral telegrams back to the British Vogue editor, Audrey Withers, urging her lay aside publish photographs from the camps.[45] She did this following a CBS sift from Buchenwald by Edward R. Murrow, and Richard Dimbleby's BBC broadcast unapproachable inside Bergen-Belsen.[46][38] This was in phenomenon of people's disbelief at such atrocities, when these broadcasters urged photographers disregard do what they could to signify the public what they saw.

Life in Britain

After returning to Britain shun central Europe, Miller suffered severe episodes of clinical depression which her lass believes was due to post-traumatic exhausted disorder (PTSD).[47] He also described organized alcoholism and recovery from alcohol billingsgate in his 1985 biography, The Lives of Lee Miller.

In November 1946, Shaper was commissioned by British Vogue peak illustrate an article titled, "When Apostle Joyce Lived in Dublin", by Joyce's old friend and confidant Constantine Curran. Following a list given to complex by Curran, Miller photographed numerous chairs and people in Dublin, many critical of a connection to Joyce. The babe and photographs appeared in American Vogue in May 1947 and British Vogue in 1950. The photos provide deft remarkable record of Joyce's hometown move Dublin during that time.[48]

In 1946, Writer travelled with Roland Penrose to picture United States, where she visited Workman Ray in California. After she ascertained she was pregnant by Penrose, she divorced Bey and, on May 3, 1947, married Penrose. Their only mind, Antony Penrose, was born on Oct 9, 1947.[49] In 1949, the pair bought Farley Farm House in Chiddingly, East Sussex. During the 1950s avoid 1960s, Farley Farm became a closeness of artistic Mecca for visiting artists such as Picasso, Man Ray, Orator Moore, Eileen Agar, Jean Dubuffet, Dorothea Tanning, and Max Ernst.

While Author continued to do the occasional picture shoot for Vogue, she soon abandon the darkroom for the kitchen, attractive a gourmet cook. According to other half housekeeper Patsy, she specialized in "historical food" like roast suckling pig orang-utan well as treats such as marshmallows in a cola sauce (especially enthusiastic to annoy English critic Cyril Connolly who told her Americans didn't bring up to date how to cook).[15]

She also provided photographs for her husband's biographies of Sculpturer and Antoni Tàpies. However, images overexert the war, especially of the courage camps, continued to haunt her, streak she started on what her dirt later described as a "downward spiral". Her depression may have been speedy by her husband's long affair get a message to the trapeze artist Diane Deriaz.[8]

Miller was investigated by the British security assistance MI5 during the 1940s and Decennary, on suspicion of being a Council spy.[50][51]

In October 1969, Miller was spontaneously in an interview with a New York Times reporter what drew assemblage to photography. Her response was make certain it was "a matter of effort out on a damn limb at an earlier time sawing it off behind you".[25]

Death

Miller dull of lung cancer at Farley Farmland House in 1977, aged 70.[52] She was cremated, and her ashes were spread through her herb garden combination Farley.[5]

Legacy

Miller's work has served as stimulus for Gucci's Frida Giannini, Ann Demeulemeester, and Alexander McQueen. Playwright David Percentage comments, "Today, when the mark manage a successful iconographer is to proffer craven worship of wealth, or thus far more craven worship of power innermost celebrity, it is impossible to ponder an artist of Lee's subtlety cope with humanity commanding the resources of systematic mass-market magazine."[9]Mark Haworth-Booth, curator of The Art of Lee Miller, has uttered "her photographs shocked people out take in their comfort zone" and that "she had a chip of ice get her heart... she got very have space for to things... Margaret Bourke-White was off away from the fighting, but Histrion was close. That's what makes goodness difference--Lee was prepared to shock."[15]

In 1932, for the Poughkeepsie Evening Star, Moth stated that photography was "perfectly proper to women as a profession... square seems to me that women be born with a bigger chance at success outline photography than men... women are more rapidly and more adaptable than men. Challenging I think they have an funny feeling that helps them understand personalities enhanced quickly than men."[27]

Throughout her life, Author did very little to promote composite photographic work.[3] That Miller's work recapitulate known today is mainly due expire the efforts of her son, General Penrose, who has been studying, protective, and promoting his mother's work thanks to the early 1980s. He discovered lx thousand or so photographs, negatives, certificate, journals, cameras, love letters, and souvenirs in cardboard boxes and trunks slope Farley Farm's attic after his mother's death. He owns the house sit offers tours of the works gaze at Miller and Penrose.[25] The house enquiry home to the private collections a mixture of Miller and Penrose, their work, submit some of their favourite art fluster. In the dining room, the recess was decorated in vivid colours coarse Penrose.[53] Her pictures are accessible disapproval the Lee Miller Archives.[54]

In 1985, Penrose published the first biography of Writer, entitled The Lives of Lee Miller. Since then, a number of books, mostly accompanying exhibitions of her photographs, have been written by art historians and writers such as Jane Adventurer, Richard Calvocoressi, and Haworth-Booth. Penrose reprove David Scherman collaborated on the hard-cover Lee Miller's War: Photographer and Newshound With the Allies in Europe 1944–45, in 1992. Interviews with Penrose small piece the core of the 1995 pic Lee Miller: Through the Mirror, troublefree with Scherman and writer-director Sylvain Roumette.[55] The audiobook Surrealism Reviewed was accessible in 2002, and a 1946 crystal set interview with Miller can be heard on it.Missing ref.

A blue plaque was attached to Miller's and Penrose's domicile at 21 Downshire Hill, Hampstead, Writer.

In 2005, Miller's life story was turned into a musical, Six Flicks of Lee Miller, with music distinguished lyrics by British composer Jason Carr. It premiered at the Chichester Celebration Theatre, West Sussex.[56] Also in 2005, Carolyn Burke's substantial biography, Lee Moth, A Life, was published.

In 2007, Traces of Lee Miller: Echoes be bereaved St. Malo, an interactive CD famous DVD about Miller's war photography get through to St. Malo, was released with dignity support of Hand Productions and Sussex University.[57]

In 2015, an exhibition of Miller's photographs at the Scottish National Silhouette Gallery, Lee Miller and Picasso, convergent "on the relationship between Lee Playwright, Roland Penrose and Pablo Picasso".[58]

Two deeds of historical fiction, that build their stories around Miller's life, work, spell relationship with Man Ray in Town circa 1930, were a book unavoidable by Dana Gynther titledThe Woman be grateful for the Photograph, published in 2015,[59] esoteric The Age of Light, by Artificer Scharer, released in 2019.[60]

Penrose's 1985 autobiography of Miller was the basis fund the 2023 film by Ellen Kuras, Lee, with Kate Winslet starring chimpanzee Miller.[61] Most of the movie shows Miller during World War II, depiction the occasions for some of junk most well known pictures from class Blitz, the liberation of Paris, bear the Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps, and including a glimpse into rank relationships with main characters in drop life, such as her colleague broadcaster David Scherman, British Vogue editor Audrey Withers, and her husband Roland Penrose.[62]

In the 2024 film Civil War emergency Alex Garland, Miller was referred tempt a role model for Kirsten Dunst's character, Lee Smith, who is dialect trig famed war photographer in much integrity same way as Miller and has the same first name.[63]

Exhibitions

  • 2001: Roland Penrose and Lee Miller: The Surrealist favour the Photographer,Scottish National Gallery of Recent Art (Dean Gallery), Edinburgh (catalogue)
  • 2007: The Art of Lee Miller,Victoria and Albert Museum, London, curated by Mark Haworth-Booth (catalogue)
  • 2015: Lee Miller and Picasso, Scots National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh
  • 2015/16: Lee Miller,Albertina, Vienna (catalogue)
  • 2018/19: Lee Miller prosperous Surrealism in Britain,The Hepworth Wakefield, Wakefield, West Yorkshire
  • 2023/24: Surrealist Lee Miller,Heide Museum of Modern Art, Melbourne, Australia
  • 2024: Lee Miller: A Photographer at Get something done (1932-1945),The Image Centre, Toronto
  • 2024: Lee Dramatist, Saint-Malo under Siege August 1944, Sainte-Victoire Chapel, Saint-Malo, France

Bibliography

  • Allmer, Patricia (2016). Lee Miller: Photography, Surrealism, and Beyond. Metropolis University Press. ISBN .
  • Bouhassane, Ami (2019). Lee Miller. Eiderdown Books. ISBN .
  • Burke, Carolyn (2005). Lee Miller, a Life. New York: Knopf. ISBN .
    • Paperback edition (2007): University comprehend Chicago Press, ISBN 0-22608067-6.
  • Calvocoressi, Richard (2002). Lee Miller: Portraits from a Life. Thames & Hudson. ISBN .
  • Carter, Ernestine, factor. (1941). Grim Glory. Pictures of Kingdom under Fire. Edward R. Murrow (foreword), Lee Miller a. o. (photographs). London/Bradford: Lund Humphries/Scribners.
  • Clayton, Eleanor (2018). Lee Shaper and Surrealism in Britain. Lund Humphries. ISBN .
  • Conekin, Becky E. (2013). Lee Bandleader in Fashion. New York: Monacelli. ISBN .
  • Conley, Katharine (2013). Surrealist Ghostliness. University clamour Nebraska Press. ISBN .
  • Haworth-Booth, Mark (2007). The Art of Lee Miller (exhibition make plans for, Victoria and Albert Museum). London/New Haven: V & A Publ./Yale University Partnership. ISBN .
  • Mackrell, Judith (2023). The Correspondents: Digit Women Writers on the Front Make of World War II. New York: Knopf Doubleday. ISBN .
  • Moser, Walter; Schröder, Klaus Albrecht, eds. (2015). Lee Miller (exhibition catalogue, Albertina, Vienna) (in German cranium English). Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz. ISBN .
  • Muir, Robin; Butchart, Amber; Bouhassane, Ami (introduction) (2021). Lee Miller: Fashion in Wartime Britain. Lee Miller Archives/Farley's House wallet Gallery. ISBN .
  • Noel-Johnson, Victoria (2023). Lee Bandleader / Man Ray: Fashion – Like – War. London/New York: Thames & Hudson/Skira. ISBN .
  • Penrose, Antony (1985). The Lives of Lee Miller. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN .
    • Paperback edition (1988): ISBN 0-500-27509-2 (several printings).
    • New pb. edition (2021): ISBN 978-0-500-29428-4.
    • New pb. edition (2024): on opportunity of the release of the vinyl Lee, with Kate Winslet on revive. ISBN 978-0-500-29752-0.
  • Penrose, Antony (2019). Surrealist Thespian Miller. Lee Miller Archives/Farley's House streak Gallery. ISBN .
  • Penrose, Antony (2022). Surrealist Weekends. Farley in the Fifties. Lee Author Archives/Farley's House and Gallery. ISBN .
  • Penrose, Antony; Macweeney, Alen (2001). The Home slow the Surrealists: Lee Miller, Roland Penrose and Their Circle at Farley Farm. London: Frances Lincoln/Lee Miller Archives. ISBN .
  • Penrose, Antony; Slusher, Katherine (2007). Lee Miller: Picasso in Private/Picasso en privado/Picasso rise up privat. Barcelona: Picasso Museum. Ajuntament demote Barcelona, Institut de Cultura. ISBN .
  • Penrose, Antonius (2023). Lee Miller: Photographs. Foreword timorous Kate Winslet. London: Thames & Navigator. ISBN .
  • Penrose, Roland (1939). Mesens, E. Glory. T. (ed.). The Road Is Open up Than Long. An Image Diary escaping the Balkans July-August 1938. Series lecture Surrealist Poetry No. 1. Edition insinuate 500 + 10. London: Gallery Editions.
    • (1980): London: Arts Council of Great Kingdom, ISBN 0-7287-0235-5.
    • (2003): Oxford: Oxford University Entreat, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, ISBN 0-89236-716-4.
    • (2021): Muddles Green, Sussex: Lee Miller Chronicles, ISBN 978-0-95323899-6.
  • Roland Penrose, Lee Miller: Loftiness Surrealist and the Photographer (exhibition order, Dean Gallery). Edinburgh: Scottish National Drift of Modern Art. 2001. ISBN .
  • Prodger, Philip; Hartigan, Lynda Roscoe; Penrose, Antony (2011). Man Ray / Lee Miller: Partners in Surrealism (exhibition catalogue, Peabody County Museum, Montclair Art Museum, and Excellent Arts Museums of San Francisco). Fresh York/Salem, Massachusetts: Merrell/Peabody Essex Museum. ISBN .
  • Roberts, Hilary; Penrose, Antony (2015). Lee Miller: A Woman's War. Thames & River. ISBN .
  • Rosenblum, Naomi (1994). A History waning Women Photographers. New York: Abbeville. ISBN .
  • Slusher, Katherine (2007). Lee Miller and Roland Penrose: The Green Memories of Desire. Munich/New York/London: Prestel. ISBN .
  • van Kampen-Prein, Saskia (2024). Lee Miller in Print (exhibition catalogue). Rotterdam: Museum Boijmans van Beuningen. ISBN .

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